Chapter 6 - Terms

Question 1

3 Types of Learning

Answer 1

• Non-associative
• Associative
• Social

Question 2

2 Types of Non-Associative Learning

Answer 2

• Habituation
• Sensitization

Question 3

Decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Answer 3

Habituation

Question 4

Increase in a response because of a change in something familiar.

Answer 4

Dishabituation

Question 5

Increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.

Answer 5

Sensitization

Question 6

2 Types of Associative Learning

Answer 6

• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning

Question 7

A neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response (learning that a stimulus creates another stimulus)

Answer 7

Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning

Question 8

a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future (Learning that a behaviour leads to a consequence)

Answer 8

Operant conditioning

Question 9

A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex

Answer 9

Unconditioned response (UR)

Question 10

A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning

Answer 10

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 11

A stimulus that elicits a response only after Learning has taken place

Answer 11

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 12

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned

Answer 12

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 13

A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired to produce a reflex (e.g., salivation)

Answer 13

Conditioning Trials

Question 14

The neutral stimulus alone is tested, and the effect on the reflex is measured.

Answer 14

Test Trials

Question 15

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

Answer 15

Acquisition

Question 16

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

Extinction

Question 17

What leads to the extinction of a conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 17

Repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Answer 18

Spontaneous recovery

Question 19

A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected

Answer 19

Rescorla-Wagner model

Question 20

The difference between the expected and actual outcomes

Answer 20

Prediction Error

Question 21

The presence of an unexpected event or stronger version of the expected stimulus than anticipated. Strengthens the association between the CS and the US

Answer 21

Positive Prediction Error

Question 22

An expected event does not happen. Weakens the US-CS association

Answer 22

Negative Prediction Error

Question 23

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus, produce the conditioned response.

Answer 23

Stimulus Generalization

Question 24

A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 24

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 25

CS becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the US; this phenomenon helps account for the complexity of learned associations.

Answer 25

Second-Order Conditioning

Question 26

Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again

Answer 26

Law of Effect

Question 27

A psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behaviours

Answer 27

Behaviourism

Question 28

the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (adding to increase)

Answer 28

Positive reinforcement

Question 29

the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (taking away to increase)

Answer 29

Negative reinforcement

Question 30

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring (adding to decrease)

Answer 30

Positive punishment

Question 31

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring (taking away to decrease)

Answer 31

Negative punishment

Question 32

An operant-conditioning technique that consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

Answer 32

Shaping

Question 33

Start with any behavior that even slightly resembles the desired behavior

Answer 33

Successive approximations

Question 34

A reinforcer that satisfies biological needs

Answer 34

Primary reinforcer

Question 35

A reinforcer that does not satisfy biological needs

Answer 35

Secondary reinforcer

Question 36

Using a more valued activity can reinforce the performance of a less valued activity

Answer 36

Premack Principle

Question 37

Tendency to discount the value of a reward when it is given after a delay

Answer 37

Temporal Discounting

Question 38

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

Answer 38

Continuous reinforcement

Question 39

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently

Answer 39

Partial reinforcement

Question 40

Reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs

Answer 40

Ratio Schedule

Question 41

Reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time

Answer 41

Interval Schedule

Question 42

Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time

Answer 42

Fixed Schedule

Question 43

Reinforcement is provided at different rates or different times

Answer 43

Variable Schedule

Question 44

The association between eating a food and getting sick

Answer 44

Conditioned taste aversion

Question 45

An acquired fear out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation

Answer 45

Phobia

Question 46

The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior

Answer 46

Social Learning

Question 47

The imitation of observed behavior

Answer 47

Modeling

Question 48

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the same action

Answer 48

Vicarious Learning

Question 49

The principle that any conditioned stimulus paired with any unconditioned stimulus should result in learning

Answer 49

Equipotentiality