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PSYC 101 > Chapter 6 - Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Types of Learning

A
  • Non-associative
  • Associative
  • Social
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2
Q

2 Types of Non-Associative Learning

A
  • Habituation
  • Sensitization
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3
Q

Decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.

A

Habituation

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4
Q

Increase in a response because of a change in something familiar.

A

Dishabituation

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5
Q

Increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.

A

Sensitization

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6
Q

2 Types of Associative Learning

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning
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7
Q

A neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response (learning that a stimulus creates another stimulus)

A

Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning

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8
Q

a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future (Learning that a behaviour leads to a consequence)

A

Operant conditioning

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9
Q

A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex

A

Unconditioned response (UR)

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10
Q

A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning

A

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

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11
Q

A stimulus that elicits a response only after Learning has taken place

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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12
Q

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned

A

Conditioned response (CR)

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13
Q

A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired to produce a reflex (e.g., salivation)

A

Conditioning Trials

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14
Q

The neutral stimulus alone is tested, and the effect on the reflex is measured.

A

Test Trials

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15
Q

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

A

Acquisition

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16
Q

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

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17
Q

What leads to the extinction of a conditioned response (CR)?

A

Repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

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18
Q

A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

A

Spontaneous recovery

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19
Q

A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected

A

Rescorla-Wagner model

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20
Q

The difference between the expected and actual outcomes

A

Prediction Error

21
Q

The presence of an unexpected event or stronger version of the expected stimulus than anticipated. Strengthens the association between the CS and the US

A

Positive Prediction Error

22
Q

An expected event does not happen. Weakens the US-CS association

A

Negative Prediction Error

23
Q

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus, produce the conditioned response.

A

Stimulus Generalization

24
Q

A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus Discrimination

25
Q

CS becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the US; this phenomenon helps account for the complexity of learned associations.

A

Second-Order Conditioning

26
Q

Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again

A

Law of Effect

27
Q

A psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behaviours

A

Behaviourism

28
Q

the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (adding to increase)

A

Positive reinforcement

29
Q

the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (taking away to increase)

A

Negative reinforcement

30
Q

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring (adding to decrease)

A

Positive punishment

31
Q

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring (taking away to decrease)

A

Negative punishment

32
Q

An operant-conditioning technique that consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

A

Shaping

33
Q

Start with any behavior that even slightly resembles the desired behavior

A

Successive approximations

34
Q

A reinforcer that satisfies biological needs

A

Primary reinforcer

35
Q

A reinforcer that does not satisfy biological needs

A

Secondary reinforcer

36
Q

Using a more valued activity can reinforce the performance of a less valued activity

A

Premack Principle

37
Q

Tendency to discount the value of a reward when it is given after a delay

A

Temporal Discounting

38
Q

A type of learning in which behavior is
reinforced each time it occurs

A

Continuous reinforcement

39
Q

A type of learning in which behavior is
reinforced intermittently

A

Partial reinforcement

40
Q

Reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs

A

Ratio Schedule

41
Q

Reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time

A

Interval Schedule

42
Q

Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time

A

Fixed Schedule

43
Q

Reinforcement is provided at different rates or different times

A

Variable Schedule

44
Q

The association between eating a food and getting sick

A

Conditioned taste aversion

45
Q

An acquired fear out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation

A

Phobia

46
Q

The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior

A

Social Learning

47
Q

The imitation of observed behavior

A

Modeling

48
Q

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the same action

A

Vicarious Learning

49
Q

The principle that any conditioned stimulus paired with any unconditioned stimulus should result in learning

A

Equipotentiality

PSYC 101 (10 decks)

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