Chapter 6 - Terms Flashcards
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3 Types of Learning
- Non-associative
- Associative
- Social
2 Types of Non-Associative Learning
- Habituation
- Sensitization
Decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Habituation
Increase in a response because of a change in something familiar.
Dishabituation
Increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus.
Sensitization
2 Types of Associative Learning
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
A neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response (learning that a stimulus creates another stimulus)
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future (Learning that a behaviour leads to a consequence)
Operant conditioning
A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex
Unconditioned response (UR)
A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that elicits a response only after Learning has taken place
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned
Conditioned response (CR)
A neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired to produce a reflex (e.g., salivation)
Conditioning Trials
The neutral stimulus alone is tested, and the effect on the reflex is measured.
Test Trials
The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
Acquisition
A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
What leads to the extinction of a conditioned response (CR)?
Repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
A process in which a previously extinguished conditioned response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected
Rescorla-Wagner model
The difference between the expected and actual outcomes
Prediction Error
The presence of an unexpected event or stronger version of the expected stimulus than anticipated. Strengthens the association between the CS and the US
Positive Prediction Error
An expected event does not happen. Weakens the US-CS association
Negative Prediction Error
Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus, produce the conditioned response.
Stimulus Generalization
A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
CS becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the US; this phenomenon helps account for the complexity of learned associations.
Second-Order Conditioning
Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again
Law of Effect
A psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behaviours
Behaviourism
the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (adding to increase)
Positive reinforcement
the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (taking away to increase)
Negative reinforcement
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring (adding to decrease)
Positive punishment
the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior recurring (taking away to decrease)
Negative punishment
An operant-conditioning technique that consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
Shaping
Start with any behavior that even slightly resembles the desired behavior
Successive approximations
A reinforcer that satisfies biological needs
Primary reinforcer
A reinforcer that does not satisfy biological needs
Secondary reinforcer
Using a more valued activity can reinforce the performance of a less valued activity
Premack Principle
Tendency to discount the value of a reward when it is given after a delay
Temporal Discounting
A type of learning in which behavior is
reinforced each time it occurs
Continuous reinforcement
A type of learning in which behavior is
reinforced intermittently
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs
Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time
Interval Schedule
Reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time
Fixed Schedule
Reinforcement is provided at different rates or different times
Variable Schedule
The association between eating a food and getting sick
Conditioned taste aversion
An acquired fear out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation
Phobia
The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior
Social Learning
The imitation of observed behavior
Modeling
Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the same action
Vicarious Learning
The principle that any conditioned stimulus paired with any unconditioned stimulus should result in learning
Equipotentiality
