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Biochemistry Lippincott 7th Edition > Chapter 7 Introduction to Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Introduction to Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

p. 8 3

Overview

  1. another term for saccharides ?
  2. can serve as components that mediate intercellular communication
  3. A full set of carbohydrates produced by an organism ?
  4. function of carbohydrates
A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. carbohydrates
  3. glycome
  4. energy, cell communication and structure
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2
Q

Classification and Structure

  1. simple sugars classified according to the number of carbon atoms ?
  2. carbohydrate with aldehyde as their carbonyl group ?
  3. carbohydrate with keto as their carbonyl group ?
  4. carbohydrates that have a free carbonyl group has suffix of ?
  5. Ketoses have an additional “ ul” in their suffix such as ?
  6. what type of carbohydrate contains two units of monosaccharides ?
  7. how about THREE units of monosaccharides ?
  8. how about three or more than 10 ?
A
  1. monosacharrides
  2. Aldoses
  3. Ketoses
  4. “ose”
  5. xylulose
  6. Disacharrides
  7. Oligosaccharides
  8. Polysaccharides
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3
Q

Isomers and Epimers

  1. they have the same chemical formula but with different structures ?
  2. examples of isomers of each other ?
  3. what is the chemical formula of all of number 2. ?
  4. Carbohydrate isomers that differ only in ONE specific carbon atom?
  5. C-4 epimers ?
  6. C-2 epimers ?
  7. Galactose and Mannose differ in the position of -OH, therefore they are called ?
A
  1. Isomers
  2. Glucose, Mannose, Fructose and Galactose
  3. C6H12O6
  4. Epimers
  5. Glucose and Galactose
  6. Glucose and Mannose
  7. isomers rather than epimers
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4
Q

Enantiomers D and L forms

  1. structures that are mirror images of each other ?
  2. The two members of the paired mirror images are called ?
  3. what configuration do humans have as the vast majority ?
  4. Most enzymes are very specific in recognizing enantiomers either if it is
  5. Enzymes that are capable of interconverting D and L are called ?
A
  1. enantiomers
  2. D and L configurations
  3. D- configuration ( carbonyl carbon is on the RIGHT)
  4. D or L
  5. Isomerases
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5
Q

Mososaccharide Cyclization

  1. how much percentage of monosaccharides exist in open chain form; (acyclic) in solution ?
  2. What is an ANOMER ?
  3. example of anomers ?
  4. Not referred to as mirror images but referred to as diasteriomers ?
  5. Glycogen is formed from Alpha or Beta (- D Glucopyranose)?
  6. what is mutarotation ?
A
  1. rare ! less than 1 percent !
  2. Alpha and Beta forms
  3. Alpha- D- glucopyranose and Beta-D- glucopyranose
  4. Alpha and Beta forms
  5. Alpha
  6. spontaneous forming equilibrium mixture alpha and beta
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6
Q

Reducing Sugars

  1. a ring of sugar not linked to another compound by glycogen bond ?
  2. This sugar acts as what ?
  3. examples of reducing sugars ?
  4. what type of monosaccharide can be isomerized into an aldose ?
  5. What type of monosaccharide is Fructose ?
A
  1. it means the ring can open. ( the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is not linked to another compound)
  2. Reducing sugar
  3. All monosaccharides but not all disaccharides
  4. Fructose
  5. Ketose
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7
Q

Glycosidic Bonds

  1. Bonds that l_ink sugar molecules_ are called ?
  2. glycosidic bonds are formed by enzymes called ?
  3. These enzymes “glycosyltransferases” use activated sugars as substrates ?
  4. example of activated sugar ?
  5. Activated sugars are used by glycosyl transferase enzymes as ?
A
  1. Glycosidic bonds
  2. Glycosyl-TRANSFERASES
  3. nucleotide sugars
  4. uridine diphosphate
  5. Substrates
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8
Q

what is involved in the linkage of Lactose ?

A

glycosidic bond between:

carbon 1 of B-galactose and carbon 4 of glucose

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9
Q

If lactose** is linked by **C1 B-galactose and C4 glucose; then what kind of glycosidic bond does it present ?

A

the linkage is a Beta 1-4 Glycosidic bond

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10
Q
  1. Lactose is a disaccharide made by ?
  2. is lactose a reducing or non-reducing sugar ?
  3. what is the reason for lactose being a reducing sugar ? (explain your answer.
A
  1. glucose and galactose
  2. lactose is a reducing sugar
  3. because the anomeric carbon of glucose is not involved in glycosidic linkage.
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11
Q

Carbohydrate Linkage to Noncarbohydrates

  1. examples of noncarbohydrate molecules that can be linked carbohydrates ?
A
  • purine
  • pyrimidine (nucleic acids)
  • aromatic rings ( steroids, bilirubin)
  • proteins (glycoproteins and proteoglycans)
  • lipids (glycolipids)
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12
Q

noncarbohydrate group linked to carbohydrates :

O type or N type Glycosidic Linkage

  1. If the sugar is attached to an -NH2 what is the bond called ?
  2. if the sugar is attached to an - OH then what is the bond called ?
  3. All _sugar to sugar l_inkage ?
A
  1. the bond is called N-glycosidc linkage
  2. O glycosidic linkage
  3. are O- glycosidic linkage
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13
Q

p. 86

Dietary Carbohydrate Digestion

  1. where are the principle sites of digestion found ?
  2. digestion is catalyzed by enzymes called ?
  3. glycosidases (digestive enzymes) hydrolyze what ?
  4. endoglycosidases breakdown (hydrolyze) complex sugars like ?
  5. DISACCHARIDASES breakdown what ?
A
  1. mouth and intestinal lumen
  2. glycosidases (digetive enzymes)
  3. glycosidic bonds
  4. polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and DISACCHARIDASES
  5. tri- disaccharides into reducing sugars
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14
Q

Salivary Alpha Amylase

  1. what are examples of dietary polysaccharides ?
  2. what is starch composed of ?
  3. what do alpha amylase hydrolize breifly in mastification ?
  4. what type of sugar is not able to be digested by humans ?
  5. cellulose contains what type of bond
  6. branched amylopectin anf glycogen contain what bonds ?
  7. Are disaccharides resistant to alpha amylase ?
  8. why is carbohydrate digestion halted temporarily in the stomach ?
A
  1. starch
  2. amylose and amylopectin (plant) glycogen (animal)
  3. both alpha and beta (1-4) bonds
  4. cellulose
  5. Beta 1-4 Glycosidic bonds between glucose residues
  6. alpha 1-6 bonds
  7. yes
  8. because of high acidity in the stomach
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15
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

when the acidic content from the stomach reaches the small intestine how are they neutralized ?

A

by bicarbonate released by the pancreas

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16
Q

Intestinal Disaccharides

  1. where does the final dogestive process happen primarily; at which part of the mucosal lining ?
  2. what bond does isomaltase cleave (break) ?
  3. what bond does maltase break (cleave) ?
  4. Sucrase breaks alpha (1-2) in Sucrose producing what ?
  5. what bonds do Sucrase break (cleave)?
  6. what bonds do Lactase break (cleave) ?
  7. when lactase breaks beta 1-4 bonds of lactose what does it produce?
A
  1. duodenum and upper jujenum
  2. alpha 1-6 bond in isomaltose
  3. alpha 1-4** in **maltose and maltriose
  4. glucose and fructose
  5. alpha 1-2 bonds in sucrose
  6. Beta 1-4 bonds in lactose
  7. glucose and galactose
17
Q

Trehalose

  1. is trehalose a monosaccharide or a disaccharide ?
  2. This disaccharide of glucose are found in where ?
  3. how are these fungi disaccharides broken down ?
  4. trehalase transmembrane proteins found where ?
A
  1. disaccharide
  2. in MUSHROOMS and other fungi
  3. they are broken down by trehalase
  4. brush border on the luminal (apical) surface of enterocytes
18
Q

Intestinal Absorption of Monosaccharides

  1. what part of the intestine absorbs the bulk of monosaccharide digestion ?
  2. how are sugars absobed ?
  3. how are galactose and glucose absorbed ?
  4. what does secondary active transport require ?
  5. what does the transport protein require in this mechanism ?
  6. How is sugar transport driven ?
A
  1. the upper jujenum
  2. each sugar is absorbed differently uniquely per type
  3. taken to enterocytes by active SECONDARY active transport
  4. current uptake (symport) of Sodium ions Na+
  5. (SGLT-1) Sodium dependent glucose cotransporter 1
  6. Driven by Na+ gradient created by Na/K ATPase
19
Q

Fructose Absorption

  1. fructose absorption makes use of an energy and ?
  2. how are all three monosaccharides transported from the enterocytes to portal circulation ?
  3. Glucose and Galactose ?
  4. Fructose ?
  5. Frcutose, Glucose and Galactose to circulation ?
A
  1. Na+ independent monosaccharide transporter (GLUT-5)
  2. transported by GLUT-2
  3. SGLT-1
  4. GLUT-5
  5. GLUT-2
20
Q

Polysaccharides

  1. what are linear polysaccharides ?
  2. what are branched polysaccharides ?
A
  1. amylose
  2. glycogen

Biochemistry Lippincott 7th Edition (24 decks)

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