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Biochemistry Lippincott 7th Edition > Chapter 11 Glycogen Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Glycogen Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

For skeletal muscles: define which mechanism goes for each of the ff:

a. ) when the muscle is at rest
b. ) during exercise

A

a. ) glycogenesis
b. ) glycogeneolysis

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2
Q
  1. only composed of linear alpha 1-4 linkages is found in ?
  2. which is called ?
A
  1. plants
  2. amylose
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3
Q

Structure and Function of Glycogen

  1. main storage for glycogen
  2. what is the main purpose of glycogen ?
  3. the liver’s role in storage of glycogen ?
  4. the presence of glucose 6- phosphatase in the liver allows the release of ?
  5. In a normal resting muscle how much grams of glycogen is maintained ?
A
  1. skeletal muscle and the liver
  2. fuel reserve for the synthesis of ATP during muscle contraction
  3. is to maintain glucose levels in the blood during early stages of fasting
  4. glucose
  5. 400 g 1% to 2% of the resting muscle
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4
Q

The enzyme responsible for making alpha 1-4 linkages in the glycogen chain

A

glycogen synthase

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5
Q

when cAMP is removed; how will it affect KINASE mechanism

A

cAMP triggers PKA

PKA triggers phosphorylation

Phosphorylating a molecule shifts the molecule to either activated state or inactivated state

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6
Q

what are the two levels for the synthesis and degradation

A
  1. Glycogen synthase
  2. Glycogen Phosphorylase
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7
Q

Stucture of Glycogen

  1. describe the chain of glycogen
  2. name the primary glycosidic bond of glycogen
  3. how many lnkages of alpha 1-4 appears in this molecule ?
  4. describe the structure
A
  1. branched-chain polysaccharide (alpha-D glucose)
  2. alpha 1-4 linkage
  3. 8 to 14 glucosyl residues
  4. large spherical polymers (cytoplasmic granules)
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8
Q

Protein Kinase A is stimulated when Glucagon and Epinephrine binds on receptors on the hepatocyte.

how does protein kinase affect adenylyl cycalse ?

A

AC becomes activated making more cAMP and activate cAMP-dependent kinase

(PKA)

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9
Q

Glucose-1 -Phosphate G1P is generated from G-6P (glucose 6 phosphate) by the enzyme called ?

A

Phosphoglucomutase (basically just moving the phosphate from carbon 1 to carbon 6.

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10
Q

An enzyme that stays associated with and forms the core of a glycogen granule (sugar blob)

A

Glycogenin

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11
Q

Synthesis of Glycogenesis

  1. Glycogen is synthesized from
  2. The process of glycogenesis occurs where ?
  3. ATP is needed in this process because of the phosphorylation of ?
A
  1. alpha D glucose
  2. in the cytosol
  3. the phosphorylation of glucose and UTP
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12
Q

Branching Synthesis

  1. branches are made by the action of the branching enzyme called ?
  2. 4:6 transferase (amylo-alpha (1-4)** to alpha (**1-6)transglycosylase
A
  1. amylo-alpha-1-4 to alpha 1-6 transglycosylase
  2. breaking a (a-1-4) attaching it (a-1-6)
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13
Q

makes alpha 1 - 4 linkages

A

glycogen synthase

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14
Q

Uridine diphosphate glucose synthesis:

  1. the source of all glucosyl residues that are added to growing glycogen molecule ?
  2. UDP-glucose is synthesized by
  3. UDP-glucose phosphorylase reaction proceeds in the production of what product ?
A
  1. UDP-glucose
  2. glucose-1-phosphate & UTP by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
  3. UDP- glucose production
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15
Q

when the body is fasting; what mechanism is favored ?

A

glycogenolysis: breaks more sugar blobs into smaller units to give to the blood

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16
Q

what mechanism occurs on well fed states?

A

Glycogenesis

building sugar blobs from single unit sugars to store for energy

17
Q

epinephrine and glucagon binding to GPCR calls a signal for what mechanism ?

A

signals the need for glycogen to be degraded. Break sugar blobs to single units so they can become glucose and rise concentrations of themselves in the blood

18
Q

how is glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase regulated ?

A

they are regulated by hormones (via covalent phosphorylation** and **dephosphorylation

Break or Make

Catabolize or Anabolize

Energy is needed to build

Energy is released to break

These are important keywords

19
Q

cAMP-PKA cascade

A

tag team

20
Q

elevated insulin level results in overall increased

a. ) glycogenesis
b. ) glycogenolysis

A

a.) glycogenesis

21
Q

elevated glucagon and epinephrine causes

a. ) glycogenesis
b. ) glycogenolysis

A

b.) glycogenolysis

Breaking blobs of sugar into single units

22
Q

Phosphorylase inactive B and active A

A
23
Q

Glucose-6-Phosphate

effects on a well fed state ON

a. ) Glycogen Synthase
b. ) Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

glucose synthase is activated

glycogen phosphorylase is inhibited

Biochemistry Lippincott 7th Edition (24 decks)

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