Chapter 7- Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships, and Love Flashcards
Interpersonal Attraction
Addresses an attitude about another person
Refers to the evaluations we make of other people- the positive and negative attitudes we form about them
Need for affiliation
The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships
Proximity
In attraction research, the physical closeness between two individuals with respect to where they live, where they sit in a classroom, where they work, and so on.
The smaller the physical distance, the greater the probability that the two people will come into repeated contact experiencing repeated exposure to one another, positive effect, and the development of mutual attraction
Physical Attractiveness
The combination of characteristics that are evaluated as beautiful or handsome at the positive extreme and as unattractive at the negative extreme
Repeated Exposure Effect
Zajonc’s finding that frequent contact with any mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimulus results in an increasingly positive evaluation of that stimulus
Similarity- dissimilarity Effect
The consistent finding that people respond positively to indicators that another person is similar to themselves and negatively to indicators that another person is dissimilar from themselves
Attitude similarity
The extent to which two individuals share the same attitudes
Proportion of similarity
The number of specific indicators that two people are similar divided by the number of specific indicators that two people are similar plus the number of specific indicators that they are dissimilar
Repulsion Hypothesis
Rosenbaums provocative proposal that attraction is not increased by similar attitudes but is simply decreased by dissimilar attitudes.
This hypothesis is incorrect as stated, but it is true that dissimilar attitudes tend to have negative effects that are stronger than the positive effects of similar attitudes
Matching hypothesis
The idea that although we would prefer to obtain extremely attractive romantic partners, we generally focus on obtaining ones whose physical beauty is about the same as our own
the hypothesis that people are more likely to form longstanding relationships with other whose social attributes match with theirs and with those who are similar in physical attractiveness
Balance Theory
The formulations of Heider and of Newcomb that specify the relationships among (1) an individuals liking for another person, (2) his or her attitude about a given topic, and (3) the other person’s attitude about the same topic
Balance ( liking plus agreement) results in a positive emotional state. Imbalance (liking plus disagreement) results in a negative state and a desire to restore balance. Nonbalance (disliking plus either agreement or disagreement) leads to indifference
Socia comparison theory
Festinger suggested that people compare themselves to others because, for many domains and attributes, there is no objective yardstick with which to evaluate the self, so we compare ourselves to others to gain this information
Attachment style
The degree of security experienced in interpersonal relationships.
Differential styles initially develop in the interactions between infant and caregiver when the infant acquires basic attitudes about self-worth and interpersonal trust
Interpersonal trust
An attitudinal dimension underlying attachment styles that involves a the belief that other people are generally trustworthy, dependable, and reliable as opposed to the belief that others are generally untrustworthy, undependable, and unreliable.
This is the most successful and desirable attachment style
Secure attachment style
A style characterized by high self- esteem and high interpersonal trust.
This is the successful and most desirable attachment style
Fearful- avoidant attachment style
A style characterized by low self-esteem and low interpersonal trust
This is the most insecure and least adaptive attachment style
Preoccupied attachment style
A style characterized by low self-esteem and high interpersonal trust
This is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual strongly desires a close relationship but feels that he or she is unworthy of the partner and is thus vulnerable to being rejected
Dismissing attachment style
A style characterized by high self- esteem and low interpersonal trust.
This is a conflicted and somewhat insecure style in which the individual feels that he or she deserves a close relationship but is frustrated because of mistrust of potential partners. The result is the tendency to reject the other person at some point in the relationship to avoid being the one who is rejected
Close friendship
A relationship in which two people spend a great deal of time together, interact in a variety of situations, and provide mutual emotional support
Love
A combination of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors that often play a crucial role in intimate relationships
Passionate love
An intense and often unrealistic emotional response to another person. When this emotion is experienced, it is usually perceived as an indication of true love, but to outside observers it appears to be infatuation
Unrequited love
Love felt by one person for another who does not feel love in return
Compassionate love
Love that is based on friendship, mutual attraction, shared interest, respect, and concern for one another’s welfare
Triangular model of love
Steinbergs conceptualization of love relationships
