Chapter 11-Groups

Question 1

Group

Answer 1

A collection of people who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree

Question 2

Common-bond groups

Answer 2

Groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction and in which the individual members are bonded to each other

Question 3

Common-identity groups

Answer 3

Face-to-face interaction is often absent, and the members are linked together via the category as a whole rather than each other

Question 4

Entiativity

Answer 4

The extent to which they (groups) are perceived as coherent wholes or perceived to be a distinct group

Question 5

Status

Answer 5

The individual’s position or rank within the group

Question 6

Roles

Answer 6

The set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform

Question 7

Norms

Answer 7

Rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members should (or should not) behave

Question 8

Feeling rules

Answer 8

Expectations about the appropriate emotions to display or express

Question 9

Collectivism

Answer 9

Groups in which the norms is to maintain harmony among group members, even if doing so might entail some personal costs

Question 10

Individualism

Answer 10

Groups where the norm is to stand out and be different from others; individual variability is expected and disagreement among members is tolerated

Question 11

Cohesiveness

Answer 11

All forces (factors) that cause group members to remain in the group

Question 12

Benefits of joining groups

Answer 12

• increased self-knowledge
• progress toward important goals
• enhanced status
• a means of attaining social change
• desire to be like and accepted
• desire to fit in
• leadership

Question 13

Politicized collective identity

Answer 13

Recognizing shared grievances and engaging in a power struggle on behalf of one’s devalued group

Question 14

Ideology

Answer 14

The philosophical and political values that govern a group

Question 15

Evaluation apprehension

Answer 15

Concern over being evaluated by others. Such concern can increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation effects

Question 16

Distraction conflict theory

Answer 16

A theory suggesting that social facilitation stems from the conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to the other people present and to the task being performed

Question 17

Additive tasks

Answer 17

Tasks for which the group product is the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members

Question 18

Social loafing

Answer 18

Reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work in a group compared to when they work individually

Question 19

Hooliganism

Answer 19

Negative stereotype about how people behave in crowds at sporting events, especially applied to incidents involving England’s soccer fans

Question 20

Deindividuation

Answer 20

A psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness brought on by external conditions, such as being an anonymous member of a large crowd

Question 21

Cooperation

Answer 21

Behavior in which group members work together to attain shared goals

Question 22

Conflict

Answer 22

A process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interests

Question 23

Social embeddedness

Answer 23

Having a sense of that you know other persons because you know their

Question 24

Asynchronous forms of communication

Answer 24

Unlike face-to-face communication where there is no delay, asynchronous forms such as email and other forms of texting messaging give people a period of time during which they can think about their response before responding

Question 25

Negative interdependence

Answer 25

A situation where if one person obtains a desired outcome, others cannot obtain it

Ex: several people seeking the same job or romantic partner can’t combine forces to attain these goals

Question 26

Social dilemmas

Answer 26

Situations in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by acting in one way, but if all (or most) people do the same thing, the outcomes experienced by all are reduced

Question 27

Conflict resolution

Answer 27

To resolve conflicts people use bargaining and the induction of superordinate goals

Question 28

Bargaining (negotiation)

Answer 28

A process in which opposing sides, exchange offers, counter offers, and concessions, either directly or through representatives

Question 29

Superordinate goals

Answer 29

Goals that both sides to a conflict seek and that tie their interests together rather than driving them apart

Question 30

Perceived fairness

Answer 30

A situation where you felt that you were getting less than you deserved from some group to which you belong

Question 31

Distributive justice (fairness)

Answer 31

Refers to individuals’ judgments about whether they are receiving a fair share of available rewards– a share proportionate to their contributions to the group or any social relationship

Question 32

Procedural justice

Answer 32

Judgments concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members

Question 33

Transactional (interpersonal) justice

Answer 33

Refers to the extent to which people who distribute rewards explain or justify their decisions and show respect and courtesy to those who receive the rewards

Question 34

Meta- stereotypes

Answer 34

Beliefs about how one’s group is viewed by another group; Hess are often negative

Question 35

Decision making

Answer 35

Process involved in combining and integrating available information to choose one out of several possible courses of action

Question 36

Group polarization

Answer 36

The tendency of group members to shift toward more extreme position than initially held by those individuals as a result of group discussion

Question 37

Groupthink

Answer 37

The tendency of the members of highly cohesive groups to assume that their decisions can’t be wrong, that all members must support the group’s decisions strongly, and that information contrary to it should be ignored