Chapter 11-Groups Flashcards
Group
A collection of people who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree
Common-bond groups
Groups that tend to involve face-to-face interaction and in which the individual members are bonded to each other
Common-identity groups
Face-to-face interaction is often absent, and the members are linked together via the category as a whole rather than each other
Entiativity
The extent to which they (groups) are perceived as coherent wholes or perceived to be a distinct group
Status
The individual’s position or rank within the group
Roles
The set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform
Norms
Rules or expectations within a group concerning how its members should (or should not) behave
Feeling rules
Expectations about the appropriate emotions to display or express
Collectivism
Groups in which the norms is to maintain harmony among group members, even if doing so might entail some personal costs
Individualism
Groups where the norm is to stand out and be different from others; individual variability is expected and disagreement among members is tolerated
Cohesiveness
All forces (factors) that cause group members to remain in the group
Benefits of joining groups
- increased self-knowledge
- progress toward important goals
- enhanced status
- a means of attaining social change
- desire to be like and accepted
- desire to fit in
- leadership
Politicized collective identity
Recognizing shared grievances and engaging in a power struggle on behalf of one’s devalued group
Ideology
The philosophical and political values that govern a group
Evaluation apprehension
Concern over being evaluated by others. Such concern can increase arousal and so contribute to social facilitation effects
Distraction conflict theory
A theory suggesting that social facilitation stems from the conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to the other people present and to the task being performed
Additive tasks
Tasks for which the group product is the sum or combination of the efforts of individual members
Social loafing
Reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work in a group compared to when they work individually
Hooliganism
Negative stereotype about how people behave in crowds at sporting events, especially applied to incidents involving England’s soccer fans
Deindividuation
A psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness brought on by external conditions, such as being an anonymous member of a large crowd
Cooperation
Behavior in which group members work together to attain shared goals
Conflict
A process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interests
Social embeddedness
Having a sense of that you know other persons because you know their
Asynchronous forms of communication
Unlike face-to-face communication where there is no delay, asynchronous forms such as email and other forms of texting messaging give people a period of time during which they can think about their response before responding
