Chapter 7: Innate Immunity: Inflammation Flashcards
How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance?
a. Initiate the complement cascade.
c. Secrete mucus.
b. Promote phagocytosis.
d. Synthesize lysosomes.
ANS: B
The lung produces and secretes a family of glycoproteins, collectins, which includes
surfactant proteins A through D and mannose-binding lectin. Collectin binding facilitates
macrophages to recognize the microorganism, enhancing macrophage attachment,
phagocytosis, and killing. The other options do not accurately identify how surfactant
proteins provide innate resistance.
Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves
antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid?
a. Optic tears
c. Sweat gland perspiration
b. Oral saliva
d. Sebaceous gland sebum
ANS: D
Sebaceous glands in the skin secrete sebum that is made up of antibacterial and antifungal
fatty acids and lactic acid that provide the first-line barrier against pathogen invasion.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 192-193
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for
destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade
c. Kinin system
b. Coagulation system
d. Immune system
ANS: A
C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils
and macrophages. The other options do not accurately identify a component capable of
tagging pathogenic microorganisms.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 197-199
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
a. Activation of the clotting cascade
b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
ANS: D
The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its
products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis. The other
options do not accurately describe an outcome of the complement cascade.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 199
Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots,
activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor?
a. Kallikrein
c. Bradykinin
b. Histamine
d. Plasmin
ANS: D
Only plasmin regulates clot formation by degrading fibrin and fibrinogen, and it can
activate the complement cascade through components C1, C3, and C5. Plasmin can
activate the plasma kinin cascade by activating the Hageman factor (factor XII) and
producing prekallikrein activator.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 201
Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts endothelial cells to increase
vascular permeability and to cause leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells?
a. Leukotrienes
c. Platelet-activating factor
b. Prostaglandin E
d. Bradykinin
ANS: C
The biologic activity of platelet-activating factor is virtually identical to that of
leukotrienes; namely, it causes endothelial cell retraction to increase vascular permeability,
leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, and platelet activation. The other options do not
accurately identify the chemical mediator derived from the process described in the
question.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?
a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
b. Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction
c. Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
d. Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction
ANS: C
Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence of
phagocytosis involves the following steps: (1) opsonization, or recognition, of the target
and adherence of the phagocyte to it; (2) engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the
formation of phagosome; (3) fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte
(phagolysosome); and (4) destruction of the target.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 210-211
In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to
release:
a. Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
b. Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation
c. Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute
inflammation
d. Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites
ANS: B
Eosinophil lysosomes contain several enzymes that degrade vasoactive molecules, thereby
controlling the vascular effects of inflammation. These enzymes include histaminase,
which mediates the degradation of histamine, and arylsulfatase B, which mediates the
degradation of some of the lipid-derived mediators produced by mast cells. The other
options do not accurately describe the role of eosinophils.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 209
IFN-D is secreted from which cells?
a. Virally infected cells
c. Macrophages
b. Bacterial infected cells
d. Mast cells
ANS: C
Different kinds of interferons (IFNs) are produced by different types of
cells—macrophages are the primary producers of both IFN-D and IFN-E. The other
options do not accurately identify cells secreted by IFN-D.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 204-205
When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications,
the process of returning the cells to preinjury function is referred to as:
a. Restoration
c. Regrowth
b. Resolution
d. Replacement
ANS: B
If damage is minor with no complications and destroyed tissues are capable of
regeneration, then returning the injured tissues to an approximation of their original
structure and physiologic function is possible. This restoration is called resolution. The
other terms are not used to describe this process
Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response? (Select all that
apply. )
a. Prostaglandins
b. Leukotrienes
c. Tryptase
d. Phospholipase
e. Bradykinin
ANS: A, E
The only chemical mediators that induce pain during an inflammatory response are the
prostaglandins and bradykinin.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 201
The main function of NK cells includes: (Select all that apply.)
a. Recognizing virus-infected cells
b. Eliminating virus-infected cells
c. Recognizing bacteria-infected cells
d. Eliminating bacteria-infected cells
e. Eliminating previously identified cancer cells
ANS: A, B, E
The main functions of NK cells are recognizing and eliminating cells infected with
viruses, not bacteria. They are also somewhat effective at eliminating other abnormal host
cells, specifically cancer cells.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 213
Normal bacterial flora found in the intestines produce vitamin K to assist in the absorption
of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Calcium
b. Fatty acids
c. Large polysaccharides
d. Iron
e. Magnesium
ANS: A, D, E
The flora’s production of vitamin K is needed to absorb various ions, such as calcium,
iron, and magnesium. Normal intestinal flora is responsible for digesting fatty acids, large
polysaccharides, and other dietary substance, but such digestion is not reliant on vitamin
K.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 194
An individual’s acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.) a. T lymphocytes b. B lymphocytes c. Macrophages d. Opsonins e. Neutrophils
ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired
immunity. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system; these cells are primarily neutrophils.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 192 | Table 7-1
An example of a pathogen capable of surviving and even multiplying inside a macrophage
is known as: (Select all that apply.)
a. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
b. Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
c. Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
d. Clostridium difficile
e. Brucella abortus (brucellosis)
ANS: A, B, C, E
Several bacteria are resistant to killing by granulocytes and can even survive inside
macrophages. Microorganisms such as M. tuberculosis (tuberculosis), M. leprae (leprosy),
S. typhi (typhoid fever), and B. abortus (brucellosis) can remain dormant or even multiply
inside the phagolysosomes of macrophages. C. difficile is said to be resistant to
antibiotics, making it difficult to control.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 212-213
