Chapter 7 Innate Immunity Flashcards
Name the three types of lymphocytes.
- T-cells (thymus cells)
- B-Cells (Bone Marrow derived)
- NK cells (Natural Killer)
Where do T cells mature?
In the Thymus
Where do B cells and NK cells mature?
Bone Marrow
What are the three lines of Defenses in the body?
- First Line-Natural Barriers
- Second Line- Inflammation (innate immunity)
- Adaptive (acquired) Immunity
What are Physical Barriers?
Keeps hazardous materials out of body
Includes hair, epithelium, secretions, skin, linings of the GI, GU, and respiratory tract
What are mechanical barriers?
Act of “mechanical cleansing” of cells due to vomiting, urination, mucous production, sneezing, and coughing.
What are Biochemical Barriers?
Antibacterial peptides in mucous trap organisms
Cathelicidins, defensins, and Collectins (lungs) bind to carbohydrate structures on the surface of a pathogen and recruit other cells and molecules to come destroy.
Microbiomes inhibit colonization: ex. gut and vaginal flora
How do Microbiomes work?
Chemicals (Ammonia, phenols, and indoles) are released to prevent infection.
What is an example of a microbiome in the vagina?
Lactobacillus creates lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide to prevent infection.
What is an example of failed microbiome?
Getting C-diff from extended use antibiotics; Killed the microbiome (flora) in the gut
What is Innate Immunity?
- Process of Inflammation response acts as Second line of body’s defense.
- Takes place same way every time no matter what the stimulus of pathogen is.
- Rapidly initiates
- No memory cells involved. Once the inflammation response is over
What causes activation of the inflammatory response?
infection; mechanical damage; ischemia; nutrient deprivation; temperature extremes; and radiation
What are cardinal signs of the inflammatory process?
Redness, Swelling, heat, inflammation
What are the steps of the inflammatory Response?
- Cellular injury
- Pathogenic invasion
- Mast cells degranulate
- Vascular Response
- Activation of the plasma protien systems (Complement, Clotting, Kinin)
- Release of Cellular Products
How long does an acute inflammatory process take?
8-10 days from onset to healing.
What happens during the vascular response of the inflammatory process?
- Blood vessel dilates (Increases blood flow)
- Vascular permeability increases (lets macrophages in)
- WBC adhere to vessel walls
- WBC migrate thru the vessels (Diapedesis)
Describe the Vascular Response in detail.
Inflammation is visible within seconds after vascular response is initiated. Arterioles near the injured area initially constrict, then vasodilation causes increased blood flow to the injured site. Increased blood flow and capillary permeability result in leakage of plasma from the vessels causing swelling in surrounding area. Increased blood flow and increasing concentration of red cells cause local warmth and redness. Biocemical mediators (histamin, bradykinins, leukotrienes, prostaglandins) stimulate the endothileal cells that line the capillaries and venules to retract allowing the tight junctions to open and let in the leukocytes and plasma into surrounding tissues. Once inside the plasma synthesis systems begin to prevent infection and further damage; limit and control the inflammatory process, elicit a more specific response; and prepare the area for healing.
Name the three plasma protien systems.
- Compliment system
- Clotting System
- Kinin System
How do the plasma protien systems work?
The systems are crucial for an effective immune response
They each play a unique role and when the first is activated the others are sequentially activated.
How is the complement system activated?
- Classical pathway -activated by (antibodies-antigen) response
- Lectin Pathway -activated by mannose containing bacteria
- Alternative Pathway- activated by gram negative bacteria and fungal cells
Activation of the complement system results in what?
Direct destruction of pathogens via:
- Opsonization- (tags microorganisms for destruction and allows phagocyte to attatch)
- Anaphylatoxin Activation-
- (induce mast cell degranulation,)
- Cell lysis
- C5-C9 form the membrane attack complex is a that create pores in the membranes of target cells allow water to pour in, leading to cell lysis and cell death.
- Leukocyte chemotaxis-
- drawing in WBC to the injured site or organism
**Starts killing right away once activated***
What is the compliment System?
Part of the Plasma protien system.
Destroys pathogens directly and most potent defender mostly against bacteria.
Destroys target cell membranes
Stimulates inflammation
Attract Phagocytes
Enhances Phagocytosis
In the Compliment Cascade, what do the complement protiens C1-C5 do and C5-C9
C1- initiates activities of classical pathway
C2- affects smooth muscles; promotes vasodilation & permeability
C3, C4, C5- anaphylatoxins (induce mast cell degeneration)
and release histamine.
C5- chemotactic factor to attract WBC.
C5-C9- form the membrane attack complex that bind to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes forming cylindrical channels (pores). These pores in the membranes of target cells allow water to pour in, leading to cell lysis and cell death.
What is the complement system responsible for?
Destroying pathogens directly.
Activates or collaborates with every other aspect of the inflammatory response.