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World Politics > Chapter 7: Humans Rights > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Humans Rights Flashcards

1
Q

realist view on national security and human rights

A

corporate and governmental leaders want international governments that support them, even if this means establishing these governments causes violence and repression

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2
Q

realist view on economic consequences of human rights

A

government activities should not advocate radical change, even if this change is designed to help abolish poverty for lower classes

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3
Q

realist view on human rights implications

A

there should be no radial socioeconomic changes aimed at achieving human rights for the dispossessed

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4
Q

realist view on environment and human rights

A

corporations focus resources and productive capacity on maximizing profit rather than fulfilling human needs

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5
Q

liberal view on national security and human rights

A
  • citizens should have the right to self-determination and open governments that are responsive to public opinion
  • those holding sovereign power need to act responsibly
  • an individual should submit to an established authority unless this authority violent an individuals conscience
  • disobedience is a lesser evil than the slaughter of the innocent
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6
Q

liberal view on economic consequences and human rights

A

through the reciprocity of muutal needs of a great society of states develops; characterized by common norms and customs which are embodied in the law of a nations and in natural law and binding on all nations

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7
Q

liberal view on human rights

A

humans are endowed equally with the right to do what is necessary for self-preservation, and to be the sole arbiters of what is necessary to expand their own liberty

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8
Q

liberal view on environment

A

rights involve protection of quality of life, and that includes clean air and water and a healthy lifestyle; the rule of law can be used to protect the environment and actions need to be taken collectively

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9
Q

theory of human rights

A

The inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness that one is entitled to because one is human.

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10
Q

natural law and universal human rights

A
  • That humans have an essential nature.
    Natural law theorists differed on many issues, but they agreed on the following: (1) there are universal moral standards that support individual rights, (2) there is a general duty to adhere to these standards, and (3) the application of these standards is not limited to any particular legal system, community, state, race, religion, or civilization
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11
Q

charter rights

A

Civil liberties guaranteed in a written document such as a constitution.

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12
Q

the liberal account of rights

A
  1. Human beings possess rights to life, liberty, the secure possession of property, the exercise of freedom of speech, and so on, which are inalienable—cannot be traded away—and unconditional. The only acceptable reason for constraining any one individual is to protect the rights of another.
  2. The primary function of government is to protect these rights. Political institutions are to be judged on their performance of this function, and political obligation rests on their success in this. In short, political life is based on a kind of implicit or explicit contract between people and government
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13
Q

human rights and sovereignty

A

humanitarian measures involving other countries are difficult due to nonintervention

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14
Q

1st generation rights

A

focus on individual rights such as free speech, freedom of religion, and voting rights—rights that protect the individual from the potential abuses of the state

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15
Q

2nd generation rights

A

Second-generation rights include social, economic, and cultural rights. This group of rights includes the right to employment, housing, health care, and education

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16
Q

3rd generation rights

A

focused on collective or group rights and have not been adopted by most states. These include the right to natural resources, the right to self-determination, the right to clean air, and the right to communicate. Many of these rights emerge from major global conferences that focus on transboundary issues such as the environment, racism, information and communications, and the rights of minorities and women.
- UN sustainable development goals

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17
Q

universal declaration of human rights

A
  • first and second generation rights
    -The principal normative document on human rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948 and accepted as authoritative by most states and other international actors.
    -freedom from torture, freedom of opinion, equal treatment before the law, freedom of movement within a country, the right to own property, the right to education, and the right to work
  • nonbinding to member states of UN
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18
Q

UN legislation examples

A
  • international covenant on civil and political rights
  • convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women
  • convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment/punishment
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19
Q

enforcement of human rights legislation

A
  • states, global civil society actors, parliamentarians, lawyers, trade unions, and global social movements have embraced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and each promotes these rights and uses them as guidelines in its professional and personal activities
  • UN commission on human rights
20
Q

responsibility to protect (R2P) agreement

A

states have the obligation to prevent abuse and to protect citizens from governments that abuse the rights of their citizens.

21
Q

human security areas

A

Economic security—ensuring basic income for all people, usually from productive and remunerative work or, as the last resort, from some publicly financed safety net.
Food security—ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food.
Health security—guaranteeing a minimum of protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles.
Environmental security—protecting people from the short- and long-term ravages of nature, human threats in nature, and deterioration of the natural environment.
Personal security—protecting people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals and substate factors, from domestic abuse, or from predatory adults.
Community security—protecting people from the loss of traditional relationships and values and from sectarian and ethnic violence.
Political security—ensuring that people live in a society that honors their basic human rights, and ensuring the freedom of individuals and groups from government attempts to exercise control over ideas and information.

22
Q

human development

A

focuses on building human capabilities to confront and overcome poverty, illiteracy, diseases, discrimination, restrictions on political freedom, and the threat of violent conflict

23
Q

UNHCR refugee policy strategies

A
  • repatriation
  • integration into new country
  • resettling into country sympathetic of their plight
24
Q

common security

A

At times called “cooperative security,” it stresses noncompetitive approaches and cooperative approaches through which states—both friends and foes—can achieve security. It is the belief that no one is secure until all people are secure from threats of war.

25
Q

human rights

A
  • perpetrated by governments against their own people
  • the challenge of protecting human rights is going against state sovereignty
26
Q

negative rights

A

can be taken away (1st generation)

27
Q

positive rights

A

given these rights (2nd generation)

28
Q

why is war less common now?

A
  • democratization
  • economic interdependence
  • war is not as useful
  • growth of international institutions
  • international institutions against violence
  • end of colonialism
29
Q

united nations effect on the decrease of war

A
  • preventative diplomacy
  • peacemaking activities
  • post conflict peacebuilding
  • UN security council military action
30
Q

UN Security Council Resolution 1325

A

mandated a review of the impact of armed conflict on women and the role of women in peace operations and conflict resolutions

31
Q

intrastate civil wars

A

a violent conflict within a country fought by organized groups that aim to take power at the center or in a region, or to change government policies

32
Q

contemporary civil wars

A
  • afghanistan
  • iraq
  • somalia
  • DR Congo
  • Libya
  • South Sudan
  • Central African Republic
33
Q

causes of civil war: greed

A

rational pursuit of material gain
- economic cost-benefit assessment
- low income countries
- conflict trap
- resource curse
- motive opportunity

34
Q

causes of civil war: grievance

A

rebel of issues of identity and injustice
- identity conflicts
- ethnic/sectarian conflicts
- ancients hatreds
- manipulated by politics?

35
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

expulsion of an undesirable population fro a given territory due to religious or ethnic discrimination in order to make an area ethnically homogenous

36
Q

genocide

A

genos (race) cide (killing)
- committed with intent to destroy, with whole or partly, a national, racial, or religious groups

37
Q

undisputed genocide cases

A

holocaust, bosnia, rwanda

38
Q

disputed genocide cases

A

northern american indiginous peoples, uyghhurs, Armenia, cambodia, darfur, Myanmar…

39
Q

responsibility to protect, prevent, rebuild

A

prevent: this means addressing the causes of conflict and other crises that put populations at risk

react: refers to the necessity to respond to situations that put individuals at risk with appropriate measures, like intervention

rebuild: after a natural disaster or military intervention, the international community must provide assistance for recovery and rebuilding

40
Q

humanitarian intervention

A

The use of military force by external actors to end a threat to people within a sovereign state.

41
Q

arab spring

A

Protests and revolutionary uprisings that began in Tunisia in 2010 and spread across Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan in 2011. At their core was a desire for more democratic and transparent political systems and more open and equitable economic systems.

42
Q

1 cause of civil wars

A

poverty

43
Q

ethics of humanitarian intervention

A
  1. philosophical bias
  2. ethical dilemmas
  3. mixed motives
44
Q

failure to protect examples

A
  • rwanda
  • bosnia
  • kosovo
  • somalia
45
Q

obstacles to intervention

A
  • state sovereignty
  • use of force
  • domestic costs
  • moral costs
  • international costs
  • opportunity costs
46
Q

3 pillars of the R2P

A
  • states have the responsibility to protect their own people
  • international community must assist states in fulfilling their responsibility
  • international community can intervene on a case-by-case basis
47
Q

precautions of R2P

A
  • intention
  • last resort
  • proportional means
  • reasonable prospects

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