Chapter 7: Humans Rights Flashcards
realist view on national security and human rights
corporate and governmental leaders want international governments that support them, even if this means establishing these governments causes violence and repression
realist view on economic consequences of human rights
government activities should not advocate radical change, even if this change is designed to help abolish poverty for lower classes
realist view on human rights implications
there should be no radial socioeconomic changes aimed at achieving human rights for the dispossessed
realist view on environment and human rights
corporations focus resources and productive capacity on maximizing profit rather than fulfilling human needs
liberal view on national security and human rights
- citizens should have the right to self-determination and open governments that are responsive to public opinion
- those holding sovereign power need to act responsibly
- an individual should submit to an established authority unless this authority violent an individuals conscience
- disobedience is a lesser evil than the slaughter of the innocent
liberal view on economic consequences and human rights
through the reciprocity of muutal needs of a great society of states develops; characterized by common norms and customs which are embodied in the law of a nations and in natural law and binding on all nations
liberal view on human rights
humans are endowed equally with the right to do what is necessary for self-preservation, and to be the sole arbiters of what is necessary to expand their own liberty
liberal view on environment
rights involve protection of quality of life, and that includes clean air and water and a healthy lifestyle; the rule of law can be used to protect the environment and actions need to be taken collectively
theory of human rights
The inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness that one is entitled to because one is human.
natural law and universal human rights
- That humans have an essential nature.
Natural law theorists differed on many issues, but they agreed on the following: (1) there are universal moral standards that support individual rights, (2) there is a general duty to adhere to these standards, and (3) the application of these standards is not limited to any particular legal system, community, state, race, religion, or civilization
charter rights
Civil liberties guaranteed in a written document such as a constitution.
the liberal account of rights
- Human beings possess rights to life, liberty, the secure possession of property, the exercise of freedom of speech, and so on, which are inalienable—cannot be traded away—and unconditional. The only acceptable reason for constraining any one individual is to protect the rights of another.
- The primary function of government is to protect these rights. Political institutions are to be judged on their performance of this function, and political obligation rests on their success in this. In short, political life is based on a kind of implicit or explicit contract between people and government
human rights and sovereignty
humanitarian measures involving other countries are difficult due to nonintervention
1st generation rights
focus on individual rights such as free speech, freedom of religion, and voting rights—rights that protect the individual from the potential abuses of the state
2nd generation rights
Second-generation rights include social, economic, and cultural rights. This group of rights includes the right to employment, housing, health care, and education
3rd generation rights
focused on collective or group rights and have not been adopted by most states. These include the right to natural resources, the right to self-determination, the right to clean air, and the right to communicate. Many of these rights emerge from major global conferences that focus on transboundary issues such as the environment, racism, information and communications, and the rights of minorities and women.
- UN sustainable development goals
universal declaration of human rights
- first and second generation rights
-The principal normative document on human rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948 and accepted as authoritative by most states and other international actors.
-freedom from torture, freedom of opinion, equal treatment before the law, freedom of movement within a country, the right to own property, the right to education, and the right to work - nonbinding to member states of UN
UN legislation examples
- international covenant on civil and political rights
- convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women
- convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment/punishment
enforcement of human rights legislation
- states, global civil society actors, parliamentarians, lawyers, trade unions, and global social movements have embraced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and each promotes these rights and uses them as guidelines in its professional and personal activities
- UN commission on human rights
responsibility to protect (R2P) agreement
states have the obligation to prevent abuse and to protect citizens from governments that abuse the rights of their citizens.
human security areas
Economic security—ensuring basic income for all people, usually from productive and remunerative work or, as the last resort, from some publicly financed safety net.
Food security—ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food.
Health security—guaranteeing a minimum of protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles.
Environmental security—protecting people from the short- and long-term ravages of nature, human threats in nature, and deterioration of the natural environment.
Personal security—protecting people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent individuals and substate factors, from domestic abuse, or from predatory adults.
Community security—protecting people from the loss of traditional relationships and values and from sectarian and ethnic violence.
Political security—ensuring that people live in a society that honors their basic human rights, and ensuring the freedom of individuals and groups from government attempts to exercise control over ideas and information.
human development
focuses on building human capabilities to confront and overcome poverty, illiteracy, diseases, discrimination, restrictions on political freedom, and the threat of violent conflict
UNHCR refugee policy strategies
- repatriation
- integration into new country
- resettling into country sympathetic of their plight
common security
At times called “cooperative security,” it stresses noncompetitive approaches and cooperative approaches through which states—both friends and foes—can achieve security. It is the belief that no one is secure until all people are secure from threats of war.
