Chapter 7: Human Movement Science Flashcards
What 3 systems make up the Human Movement System (HMS)?
Muscular, Skeletal, and Nervous Systems
Describe what is mean by the kinetic chain.
The human body is a bunch of interdepenent (dependent on one another) “links” that make up the entire system.
What is the regional interdependence model?
How one segment of the body affects the functioning of other segments of the body. Ex. dysfunction in the shoulder can cause dysfunction in the arm, spine, etc.
Define, compare, and contrast biomechanics and kinesiology.
Biomechanincs is the study of the human movement system (body) using physics principles. Kinesiology can be thought of as biomechanics + anatomy and physiology.
What is anatomic position
Body standing upright, arms down at sides, and palms facing forwards.
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
Lateral
Farther from the midline of the body
Contralateral
Positioned on opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
Anterior (ventral)
Positioned on the front side of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Positioned on the back side of the body
Proximal
Nearest to the center of the body or an identified point
Distal
Farthest from the center of the body or an identified point
Inferior
Below a reference point
Superior
Above a reference point
Define / compare / contrast osteokinematics vs arthrokinematics
osteokinematics are the movements that you can see. arthrokinematics are the movements occurring in the actual joint.
What are the 3 major planes of the body?
Frontal, Saggital, and Transverse
Frontal Plane
Insert Frontal Plane picture here
Sagittal Plane
Insert Saggital Plane picture here
Transverse plane
insert transverse plane picture here
What are the 2 main movements in the sagittal plane?
Flexion (decrease in angle between 2 adjacent segments) and extension (increase in angle between 2 adjacent segments
What is flexion and extension at the ankle joint called?
Dorsiflexion (flexion) and plantar flexion (extension).
What are the 3 main movements in the frontal plane?
abduction, adduction, and lateral flexion.
abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement towards the midline of the body.
What are the 2 terms for ankle lateral flexion?
Eversion (heel bone out ) and inversion (heel bone in)
What are the main movements in the transverse plane
Rotational movements. Horizontal ab/adduction, internal/external rotation, neck rotation, radioulnar supination/pronation
What are the 4 scapular motions?
Retraction (shoulder blades move towards spine), protraction (shoulder blades move away from spine), elevation (shoulder blades move upwards), and depression (shoulder blades move downwards.)
How do you classify normal vs dysfunctional movements?
Normal movements the joint can go through full ROM. Dysfunction joint can’t go through full ROM.
What are the 3 requirements for full ROM?
1.) Ligament/capsule elasticity 2.) Normally functioning muscular/neurological systems. 3.) Normal muscle length and flexibilty.
What are the 3 main types of muscle actions?
1.) Isotonic 2.) Isometric 3.) Isokinetic
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
Muscle contracts (tension) to produce force and the length of the muscle changes.
What is a concentric muscle contraction? Why does the muscle shorten during this phase?
The “lifting” phase of a muscle contraction. The contractile force of the muscle > resistive force
What is an eccentric muscle contraction? Why does the muscle lengthen during this phase?
The “lowering” phase of a muscle contraction. The resistive force > contractile force.
Which of the 2 types of isotonic muscle contraction (eccentric concentric) requires less energy? Which recruits MORE motor units?
Eccentric, Concentric.
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
Contractile force of the muscle = resistive force… No change in length of muscle.
What is the muscle action spectrum?
The movement through eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle activation during an exercise. Ex. bicep curl, the “lifting” part of curling the weight is concentric, contraction at the top of the curl is isometric, and lowering to resting is eccentric.
What are the 4 main categories you can put muscles into during functional movement? Describe each of the 4 briefly.
agonist (primary mover), antagonist (opposite fxn. of primary mover), synergists (secondary movers), and stabilizers (isometric contraction to stabilize joints.)
What is the primary difference between open chain and closed chain movements?
Distal segments (hands, feet) move the weight in an open chain exercise, they are anchored to a surface in closed-chain. NOTE*** when deciding open vs closed chain, look at the distal segment (hand/feet) that are moving in the exercise.
Why is a lat pulldown considered an open chain exercise?
Because the distal segment necessary for performing the movement is not anchored (the hands.) The feet are anchored but not participating since this is an upper body movement.
Force
Interaction between two bodies that results in the acceleration or deceleration of an object.
Length-tension relationship
Relationship between resting length of a muscle and the force it can produce at this maximum length.
Graph / Figure describing length-tension relationship
Describe the relationship between sarcomeres, actin, and myosin… When muscle hypertrophy occurs what is “added” to increase size of the muscle?
Sarcomeres are the function unit responsible for muscle contraction. Actin and myosin are filaments responsible for “sliding past” one another for a muscle to contract. Myosin is much thicker than actin and when hypertrophy occurs the actin gets “thicker.”
List the following from “outermost/largest” to “innermost/smallest”: myofibrils, actin/myosin, muscle fiber, muscle tissue
muscle tissue -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils -> sarcomeres -> actin/myosin
Describe the concept of muscle balance and how length/tension relationships and agonist/antagonist muscles tie into it.
Muscle balance is when agonist/antagonist muscles surrounding a joint are in an optimal length-tension relationship. If an agonist/antagonist gets “tight” then it alters this relationship because it’s always “pulling” on the joint.
Stretch-shortening cycle
loaded, eccentric muscle action that prepares the body for a concentric contraction. Eccentric (“stretch”, loading) movement stores elastic energy.
Relationship between force and velocity in eccentric / concentric contractions
Eccentric - increase in velocity = increase in force
Concenctric - increase in velocity = decrease in force.
Tendon
Muscle to bone
Ligament
Bone to bone
What is a force-couple relationship?
Multiple muscles, working together, to pull on a bone.
Proper joint motion
MUST consist of eccentric and concentric muscle contractions, as well as agonists, antagonists, stabilizers, and synergists functioning correctly.
What is the difference between the local and global muscular systems?
Local - inner unit of the core, attaching to the vertebrae. Stabilizes the spine. Consists of rotatores, tva, ql, multifidus, diaphragm.
Global - Larger muscles, the “prime movers.” Can be farther categorized into subsystems.
What are the 4 global muscular systems?
-Deep longitudonal (muscles of the shin, hamstrings, and low back.)
-Posterior Oblique (lat, thoracolumbar fascia, contralateral glute max.)
- Anterior oblique (adductors, contralateral external obliques.)
- Lateral (quadratus lumborum, glute med, and ipsilateral (to glute med) adductors.
What are the 4 components of the “lever” system of the musculoskeletal system?
Muscles, bones, ligaments, and tendons.
What are the 3 components of body “levers?” Distinguish between first, second, and third class levers and give an example of each.
Effort, fulcrum, and resistance.
MNEMONIC
F-R-E-1-2-3. Gives you what part is the “middle.”
Torque
Force that produces rotation
What’s the easiest way to alter torque?
Move the weight around. Farther away from rotation, the less torque produced.
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external stimuli
Motor control
Ability to control purposeful movements w/ the CNS
Motor learning
Permanent change in one’s capacity for skilled movements.
Motor development
Cumulative changes in motor behavior throughout the life span.
Muscle synergies
Muscles that are recruited together by the CNS. Agonists + synergists + stabilizers.
Discuss what mechanoreceptors and proprioception are. How do they relate?
Mechanoreceptors give the nervous system the information needed and proprioception is our “sixth sense” that allows us to know where our body is in space, EVEN if our senses are taken away.
