Chapter 7 - Human Movement Science Flashcards
After completing this deck, the fitness professional will be able to summarize the scientific terminology for given movements, identify biomechanical concepts crucial to exercise, and describe motor behavior and how the human movement system responds to changes in the environment. (88 cards)
1
Q
Using a heart rate monitor while running would be an example of which type of feedback?
A
External
2
Q
Define:
Torque
A
A force that produces rotation.
3
Q
What is the muscle function of an antagonist?
A
Oppose the prime mover
4
Q
Select the correct answer:
Your toes are what to your knees?
a. Distal
b. Superior
c. Proximal
d. Lateral
A
a. Distal
5
Q
Define:
Inferior
A
Positioned below an identified reference point.
The calf muscles are inferior to the hamstrings.
6
Q
What paradigm states that in order to move with efficiency, a muscle must be able to decelerate, stabilize, and accelerate.
A
Integrated performance paradigm
7
Q
What is an example of an isometric exercise?
A
- Wall sit
- Plank
An isometric exercise is any exercise that does not produce a movement but still involves muscle tension.
8
Q
What subsystem creates stability from the trunk, through the pelvis, and to the hips and also contributes to rotational movements?
A
Anterior Oblique Subsystem
The AOS is made of the obliques, the adductors of the thigh, and the external rotators of the hip.
9
Q
Select the correct answer:
The femur is what to the tibia?
a. Superior
b. Inferior
c. Distal
d. Anterior
A
a. Superior
10
Q
What is motor behavior?
A
Motor response to internal and external stimuli.
11
Q
What are open-chain movements?
A
Movements where the distal segments (such as the hands or feet) are not fixed and move in space.
Most open-chain movements are exercises that are non-weight-bearing and involve the individual sitting. For example, a lat pulldown or a leg press.
12
Q
Motor behavior is a combination of what three factors?
A
- Motor control
- Motor learning
- Motor development
13
Q
Swinging a golf club would be an example of movement in which plane of motion?
A
Transverse
14
Q
What are the two parts of an isotonic contraction?
A
- Eccentric
- Concentric
15
Q
Define:
Motor control
A
How the CNS combines internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a movement response.
16
Q
What is abduction?
A
Any movement moving a limb away from the center of the body.
17
Q
Define:
Agonist
A
The primary muscle providing force for a movement.
Another name for an agonist is a prime mover.
18
Q
Define:
Length Tension Relationship
A
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can create at its resting length.
19
Q
When standing in an anatomical position, the palms of your hands are facing what position?
A
Forward
20
Q
What are the three parts of the muscle action spectrum?
A
- Eccentric
- Isometric
- Concentric
21
Q
What is an eccentric contraction?
A
Deceleration of movement where the muscle develops tension by being elongated.
For example, the eccentric contraction in a biceps curl is when you are lowering the weight.
22
Q
Nodding at the neck is an example of which kind of lever?
A
First-class
First-class levers have the fulcrum in the middle. For a nodding motion, the fulcrum is at the top of the spinal column.
23
Q
Define:
Motor development
A
Change in skilled motor behavior over time.
24
Q
Define:
Synergist
A
Muscles that create forces to assist prime movers but are not intended as the primary force producer.
25
**Global** muscular system muscles can be found where?
Across a joint.
## Footnote
*Global muscular system muscles tend to be large muscles that go across a joint.*
26
# Define:
Proximal
Positioned closest to the center of the body vs another body part.
## Footnote
*The ankle is more proximal to the knee than the toes.*
27
# Fill in the blank:
Moving a weight farther away from the point of rotation increases the amount of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, making the exercise more difficult.
Torque
28
What are mechanoreceptors?
Structures that respond to **mechanical forces** such as touch or pressure.
29
# Define:
Posterior
Positioned on the back of the body.
## Footnote
*The hamstrings are located on the posterior part of the thigh.*
30
# Define:
Lateral
Farther away from the midline of the body.
## Footnote
*The ears are positioned laterally on the head.*
31
# Select the correct answer:
During a hamstring curl, the muscles that make up the quadriceps is an example of a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
c. Synergist
d. Stabilizer
b. Antagonist
## Footnote
*The quads do the opposite motion of the hamstrings making them the antagonist.*
32
What are **muscle synergies**?
Groups of muscles that are working together in different capacities to provide a movement.
33
Hip flexion occurs in which plane of motion?
Sagittal
34
What is a **closed chain** movement?
A movement where the distal segments of the body (such as the hands or feet) remain in contact with a stationary surface.
## Footnote
*Most weight-bearing activities are closed chain.*
35
What is human movement science?
A study of the various movements of the human movement system and the forces that act on it.
36
# Fill in the blank:
The internal and external obliques working together to produce trunk rotation would be an example of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Force-Couple
37
# Select the correct answer:
The concentric phase of a calf raise produces what type of muscle action around the ankle?
a. Plantar Flexion
b. Dorsiflexion
c. Eversion
d. Inversion
a. Plantar Flexion
38
# Define:
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist gets a signal to contract, its antagonist will get a signal to relax.
39
Why are form and technique important when talking about sensorimotor integration?
Sensorimotor integration is effective only as long as the information given is good. If an individual trains with improper form, the body will develop improper sensory information to the CNS which can lead to movement compensations and/or injury.
40
Hip **ab**duction occurs in which plane of motion?
Frontal
41
# Define:
Motor learning
Combination of motor control through practice and experience leading to a relatively permanent movement pattern.
42
What is **ad**duction?
Any movement bringing a **limb** back to the **center** of the body.
43
# Define:
Proprioception
Knowing where your body is in space.
44
If the eccentric contraction of a muscle increases, the muscular force produced increases or decreases?
Increases
## Footnote
*This is shown in a force-velocity curve.*
45
Scapular retraction occurs in which plane of motion?
Saggital
46
# Define:
Contralateral
Positioned on opposite sides of the body.
## Footnote
*The right foot is contralateral to the left hand.*
47
Performing a **side shuffle** would be an example of a movement in which plane of motion?
Frontal
48
The latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia, and contralateral gluteus max make up what subsystem of the global muscular system?
Posterior Oblique Subsystem
## Footnote
*The POS stabilizes the sacroiliac joint.*
49
What movements occur in the **transverse plane**?
* Internal and external rotation
* Pronation
* Supination
50
This phase is considered the transition phase between an eccentric and concentric contraction.
Amortization phase
51
What lever has resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side?
Second-class
## Footnote
*An example of an exercise using second-class levers is a push-up or calf raise.* *Using a calf raise as an example, the fulcrum is the ball of the foot. The body weight and resistance are held in the foot, and the effort is happening in an upward motion in the calf muscles.*
52
# Select the correct answer:
The gluteus maximus works in a force-couple relationship with which of the following muscles to produce hip and knee extension during a squat?
a. Hamstring Complex
b. Anterior Tibialis
c. Adductors
d. Quadriceps
d. Quadriceps
53
# Define:
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body.
## Footnote
*The right foot is ipsilateral to the right hand.*
54
What is flexion?
A movement shortening a joint angle.
## Footnote
*For example, during a bicep curl, flexion would be when you bend your elbow.*
55
# Select the correct answer:
During a bench press, the triceps is an example of a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
c. Synergist
d. Stabilizer
c. Synergist
## Footnote
*The prime mover of a bench press is the pectoralis major. In order to successfully complete a bench press, the elbow needs to extend. The triceps will extend the elbow.*
56
Can muscles push on a bone?
No
## Footnote
*Muscles are attached to bones via tendons. When a muscle contracts it pulls on the tendon, therefore, pulling on the bone to move. Muscles can only pull bones.*
57
# Define:
Force
An influence applied from one object to another, which results in acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
58
What is the muscle function of a **synergist**?
Assist the prime mover in a muscle action.
59
What is the purpose of the **local** muscular system?
Stabilizing the trunk.
60
In a seated knee extension, the weight being pulled by the quadriceps would be the resistance. Which joint would function as the **fulcrum**?
Knee
61
The muscles of the lower leg and lower back region make up what global muscular subsystem?
Deep longitudinal subsystem
## Footnote
*The DLS creates tension to absorb and control ground reaction forces during gait movements such as walking or running.*
62
What is a concentric contraction?
**Accelerative movement** when the contractile force is greater than the force, resulting in a visible shortening of a muscle.
## Footnote
*For example, the concentric contraction in a bicep curl is when you bend your arm.*
63
Where do most **local** muscular system muscles attach?
On or near the vertebrae.
64
What is a stretch-shortening cycle?
The loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare for a concentric contraction.
65
What is the role of the lateral subsystem?
Creating and maintaining **frontal plane stabilization** of the LPHC during movement.
## Footnote
*The LS is made of the gluteus medius, the adductors of the thigh, and the contralateral QL.*
66
# Define:
Stabilizer
Muscles that contract isometrically to support and stabilize joints while a movement occurs.
67
When a muscle has an altered length-tension relationship, what will happen?
* Less force will be produced when the muscle needs to move
* Altered reciprocal inhibition
* Muscle imbalances
68
What is the muscle function of an agonist?
Prime mover
## Footnote
*Prime mover refers to the muscle doing the desired motion.*
69
In a seated knee extension, the weight being pulled by the quadriceps would be the resistance. Which class of lever would this be?
Third Class Lever
70
The limbs of the human body utilize what class of lever?
Third class
## Footnote
*Third-class levers have the effort of the muscle placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance.*
71
# Define:
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body.
## Footnote
*The adductor muscles are located on the medial side of the femur.*
72
# Define:
Superior
Positioned above a reference point.
## Footnote
*The pelvis is superior to the knee.*
73
What is extension?
Elongation of a joint.
## Footnote
*For example, during a bicep curl, the extension phase would be when you are returning the weight to its starting position.*
74
# Select the correct answer:
During a pushup, the pectoralis major is an example of a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
c. Synergist
d. Stabilizer
a. Agonist
## Footnote
*During a pushup, the pectoralis major is responsible for pushing the body back up to the start position making it the agonist.*
75
What are the two main types of **feedback**?
1. Internal feedback
2. External feedback
76
# Select the correct answer:
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a force-couple?
a. quadriceps and hamstrings to perform knee extension
b. pectoralis major and rotator cuff to perform shoulder horizontal adduction
c. gastrocnemius and peroneus longus to perform ankle plantarflexion
d. deltoid and rotator cuff to perform shoulder abduction
a. quadriceps and hamstrings to perform knee extension
## Footnote
*Quadriceps and hamstrings have opposite muscle actions and are not contracted at the same time in order to produce a movement.*
77
What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
* Flexion
* Extension
* Hyperextension
* Plantar flexion
* Dorsiflexion
## Footnote
*Any movement going forward or backward is in the sagittal plane.*
78
The shoulder blades moving farther apart describes which joint motion?
Scapular Protraction
79
# Define:
Distal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body when compared to another body part.
## Footnote
*The ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee.*
80
The early performance improvements associated with exercise are due to what?
Improvements in the way the central nervous system (CNS) can **control and coordinate** movement patterns.
81
# Define:
Anterior
Positioned towards the front of the body.
## Footnote
*The quadriceps are located on the anterior thigh.*
82
# Select the correct answer:
During an overhead press, which muscle(s) would be a stabilizer?
a. Supraspinatus
b. Triceps
c. Latissimus dorsi
d. Tibialis anterior
a. Supraspinatus
## Footnote
*The supraspinatus is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder. These muscles are responsible for stabilizing the shoulder when the arm is above the head.*
83
If the **concentric** contraction of a muscle increases, the muscular force produced increases or decreases?
Decreases
## Footnote
*This is shown in a force-velocity curve.*
84
Proper extensibility of the latissimus dorsi to allow for proper shoulder flexion is an example of flexibility in which plane of motion?
Sagittal
85
What is an isotonic contraction?
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs.
86
# Select the correct answer:
The right elbow is what to the left knee.
a. Ipsilateral
b. Contralateral
b. Contralateral
87
# Define:
Antagonist
Muscles that perform the **opposite** motion of the prime mover.
## Footnote
*Antagonists are usually on opposite sides of the body. For example, the antagonist of the biceps is the triceps.*
88
What is an isokinetic contraction?
Speed of movement is **fixed** and resistance varies with the force exerted.
## Footnote
*This type of contraction and exercise requires specialized machines usually seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology labs.*
