Chapter 7 - Human Movement Science Flashcards
After completing this deck, the fitness professional will be able to summarize the scientific terminology for given movements, identify biomechanical concepts crucial to exercise, and describe motor behavior and how the human movement system responds to changes in the environment.
Using a heart rate monitor while running would be an example of which type of feedback?
External
Define
Torque
A force that produces rotation
What is the muscle function of an antagonist?
Oppose the prime mover
Your toes are ______________ to your knees.
- Distal
- Superior
- Proximal
- Lateral
Distal
Define
Inferior
Positioned below an identified reference point
The calf muscles are inferior to the hamstrings.
What paradigm states that in order to move with efficiency, a muscle must be able to decelerate, stabalize, and accelerate.
Integrated performance paradigm.
What is an example of an isometric exercise?
- Wall sit
- Plank
An isometric exercise is any exercise that does not produce a movement but is still involves muscle tension.
What subsystem creates stability from the trunk, through the pelvis, and to the hips and also contributes to rotational movements?
Anterior Oblique Subsystem.
The AOS is made of the obliques, the adductors of the thigh, and the external rotators of the hip.
The femur is _____ to the tibia.
- Superior
- Inferior
- Distal
- Anterior
Superior
What is motor behavior?
Motor response to internal and external stimuli.
What are open-chain movements?
Movements where the distal segments (such as the hands or feet) are not fixed and move in space.
Most open-chain movements are exercises that are non-weight bearing and involve the individual sitting. For example, a lat pull down or a leg press.
Motor behavior is a combination of what three factors?
- Motor control
- Motor learning
- Motor development
Swinging a golf club would be an example of movement in which plane of motion?
Transverse
What are the two parts of an isotonic contraction?
- Eccentric
- Concentric
Define
Motor control
How the CNS combines internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a movement response.
What is abduction?
Any movement moving a limb away from the center of the body.
Define
Agonist
The primary muscle providing force for a movement
Another name for an agonist is a prime mover.
Define
Length Tension Relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can create at its resting length.
When standing in an anatomical position, the palms of your hands are facing what position?
Forward
What are the three parts of the muscle action spectrum?
- Eccentric
- Isometric
- Concentric
What is an eccentric contraction?
Deceleration of movement where the muscle develops tension by being elongated.
For example, the eccentric contraction in a bicep curl is when you are lowering the weight.
Nodding at the neck is an example of which kind of lever?
First-class.
First-class levers have the fulcrum in the middle. For a nodding motion, the fulcrum is at the top of the spinal column.
Define
Motor development
Change in skilled motor behavior over time
Define
Synergist
Muscles that create forces to assist prime movers but are not intended as the primary force producer.
Global muscular system muscles can be found where?
Across a joint.
Global muscular system muscles tend to be large muscles that go across a joint.
Define
Proximal
Positioned closest to the center of the body vs another body part
The ankle is more proximal to the knee than the toes.
Moving a weight farther away from the point of rotation increases the amount of __________, making the exercise more difficult.
Torque
What are mechanoreceptors?
Structures that respond to mechanical forces such as touch or pressure
Define
Posterior
Positioned on the back of the body
The hamstrings are located on the posterior part of the thigh.
Define
Lateral
Farther away from the midline of the body.
The ears are positioned laterally on the head.
During a hamstring curl, the muscles that make up the quadricep is an example of a(n) _________
- Agonist
- Antagonist
- Synergist
- Stabilizer
Antagonist
The quads do the opposite motion of the hamstrings making them the antagonist.
What are muscle synergies?
Groups of muscles that are working together in different capacities to provide a movement.
Hip flexion occurs in which plane of motion?
Sagittal
What is a closed chain movement?
A movement where the distal segments of the body (such as the hands or feet) remain in contact with a stationary surface.
Most weight-bearing activities are closed chain.
What is human movement science?
A study of the various movements of the human movement system and the forces that act on it
The internal and external obliques working together to produce trunk rotation would be an example of a ________.
Force-Couple
The concentric phase of a calf raise produces what type of muscle action around the ankle?
- Plantar Flexion
- Dorsiflexion
- Eversion
- Inversion
Plantar Flexion
Define
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist gets a signal to contract, its antagonist will get a signal to relax.
Why are form and technique important when talking about sensorimotor integration?
Sensorimotor integration is effective only as long as the information given is good. If an individual trains with improper form, the body will develop improper sensory information to the CNS which can lead to movement compensations and/or injury.
Hip abduction occurs in which plane of motion?
Frontal
Define
Motor learning
Combination of motor control through practice and experience leading to a relatively permanent movement pattern.
What is adduction?
Any movement bringing a limb back to the center of the body.
Define
Proprioception
Knowing where your body is in space.
If the eccentric contraction of a muscle increases, the muscular force produced increases or decreases?
Increases.
This is shown in a force-velocity curve.
Scapular retraction occurs in which plane of motion?
Sagittal
Define
Contralateral
Positioned on opposite sides of the body.
The right foot is contralateral to the left hand.
Performing a side shuffle would be an example of a movement in which plane of motion?
Frontal
What movements occur in the frontal plane?
- Adduction
- Abduction
- Lateral flexion
- Eversion
- Inversion
Any movement side to side occurs in the frontal plane.
The latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia, and contralateral gluteus max make up what subsystem of the global muscular system?
Posterior Oblique Subsystem.
The POS stabilizes the sacroiliac joint.
What movements occur in the transverse plane?
- Internal and external rotation
- Pronation
- Supination
This phase is considered the transition phase between an eccentric and concentric contraction.
Amortization phase
What lever has resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side?
Second-class.
An example of an exercise using second-class levers is a push-up or calf raise. Using a calf raise as an example, the fulcrum is the ball of the foot. the body weight and resistance is held in the foot, and the effort is happening in an upward motion in the calf muslces.
The gluteus maximus works in a force-couple relationship with which of the following muscles to produce hip and knee extension during a squat?
- Hamstring Complex
- Anterior Tibialis
- Adductors
- Quadriceps
Quadriceps
Define
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body
The right foot is ipsilateral to the right hand.
What is flexion?
A movement shortening a joint angle.
For example, during a bicep curl, flexion would be when you bend your elbow.
During a bench press, the tricep is an example of a(n) _______.
- Agonist
- Antagonist
- Synergist
- Stabilizer
Synergist.
The prime mover of a bench press is the pectoralis major. In order to successfully complete a bench press, the elbow needs to extend. The tricep will extend the elbow.
Can muscles push on a bone?
No.
Muscles are attached to bones via tendons. When a muscle contracts it pulls on the tendon, therefore, pulling on the bone to move. Muscles can only pull bones.
Define
Force
An influence applied from one object to another, which results in acceleration or deceleration of the second object.
The human movement system is a combination of what organ systems?
Nervous, skeletal, and muscular
What is the muscle function of a synergist?
Assist the prime mover in a muscle action
What is the purpose of the local muscular system?
Stabilizing the trunk.
In a seated knee extension, the weight being pulled by the quadriceps would be the resistance. Which joint would function as the fulcrum?
Knee
The muscles of the lower leg and lower back region make up what global muscular subsystem?
Deep longitudinal subsystem.
The DLS creates tension to absorb and control ground reaction forces during gait movements such as walking or running.
What is a concentric contraction?
Accelerative movement when the contractile force is greater than the force, resulting in a visible shortening of a muscle.
For example, the concentric contraction in a bicep curl is when you bend your arm.
Where do most local muscular system muscles attach?
On or near the vertebrae.
What is a stretch-shortening cycle?
The loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare for a concentric contraction.
What is the role of the lateral subsystem?
Creating and maintaining frontal plane stabilization of the LPHC during movement.
The LS is made of the gluteus medius, the adductors of the thigh, and the contralateral QL.
Define
Stabilizer
Muscles that contract isometrically to support and stabilize joints while a movement occurs.
When a muscle has an altered length-tension relationship, what will happen?
- Less force will be produced when the muscle needs to move.
- Altered reciprocal inhibition
- Muscle imbalances
What is the muscle function of an agonist?
Prime mover.
Prime mover refers to the muscle doing the desired motion.
In a seated knee extension, the weight being pulled by the quadriceps would be the resistance. Which class of lever would this be?
Third Class Lever
The limbs of the human body utilize what class of lever?
Third class.
Third-class levers have the effort of the muscle places between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance.
Define
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
The adductor muscles are located on the medial side of the femur.
Define
Superior
Positioned above a reference point
The pelvis is superior to the knee.
What is extension?
Elongation of a joint.
For example, during a bicep curl, the extension phase would be when you are returning the weight to its starting position.
During a pushup, the pectoralis major is an example of a(n) _________.
- Agonist
- Antagonist
- Synergist
- Stabilizer
Agonist
During a pushup, the pectoralis major is responsible for pushing the body back up to the start position making it the agonist.
What are the two main types of feedback?
- Internal feedback
- External feedback
Which of the following would NOT be an example of a force-couple?
- quadriceps and hamstrings to perform knee extension
- pectoralis major and rotator cuff to perform shoulder horizontal adduction
- gastrocnemius and peroneus longus to perform ankle plantarflexion
- deltoid and rotator cuff to perform shoulder abduction
Quadriceps and hamstrings to perform knee extension
Quadriceps and hamstrings have opposite muscle actions and are not contracted at the same time in order to produce a movement.
What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Plantar flexion
- Dorsiflexion
Any movement going forward or backward is in the sagittal plane.
What is the muscle function of a stabilizer?
Stabilize the joint so the prime mover can perform the desired action
When the shoulder blades move farther apart, this describes which joint motion?
Scapular Protraction
Define
Distal
Positioned furthest from the center of the body when compared to another body part
The ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee.
The early performance improvements associated with exercise are due to what?
Improvements in the way the central nervous system (CNS) can control and coordinate movement patterns
Define
Anterior
Positioned towards the front of the body
The quadriceps are located on the anterior thigh.
During an overhead press, which muscle(s) would be a stabilizer?
- Supraspinatus
- Tricep
- Latissimus dorsi
- Tibialis anterior
Supraspinatus.
The supraspinatus is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder. These muscles are responsible for stabilizing the shoulder when the arm is above the head.
If the concentric contraction of a muscle increases, the muscular force produced increases or decreases?
Decreases.
This is shown in a force-velocity curve.
Proper extensibility of the latissimus dorsi to allow for proper shoulder flexion is an example of flexibility in which plane of motion?
Sagittal
Where is the fulcrum on a first-class lever?
The middle.
What is an isotonic contraction?
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs.
The right elbow is ________ to the left knee.
- Ipsilateral
- Contralateral
Contralateral
Define
Antagonist
Muscles that perform the opposite motion of the prime mover.
Antagonists are usually on opposite sides of the body. For example, the antagonist of the bicep is the tricep.
What is an isokinetic contraction?
Speed of movement is fixed and resistance varies with the force exerted.
This type of contraction and exercise requires specialized machines usually seen in rehabilitation or exercise physiology labs.
