Chapter 6 - The Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems Flashcards
After completing this deck, the fitness professional will be able to identify and summarize the structure and function of the cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and digestive systems.
What is transported in the blood?
- Oxygen
- Nutrients
- Waste products
- Hormones
Testosterone is released from what gland in both males AND females.
Adrenal gland
Testosterone is also released from the testes in males. Testosterone is responsible for the growth and repair of tissues.
Define
Valsalva maneuver
The process of exhaling against a closed windpipe.
Valsalva maneuver is very common in inexperienced exercisers, especially those lifting weights.
Define
Tachypnea
Breathing rate of over 24 breaths per minute
True or False
Exercising will increase insulin sensitivity.
TRUE
Exercise will stimulate the cells to accept and use insulin, allowing sugar to enter the cells to be used in metabolism.
True or False
A personal trainer can diagnose hypertension.
False.
A personal trainer cannot diagnose any condition. If a client comes to you and you check their blood pressure as a part of the assessment and notice it is high, you should wait a few minutes and recheck it. If it is still elevated, you should refer your client to their healthcare provider to observe their blood pressure.
What do white blood cells do?
Help with infection and immunity
________ are very small veins that connect capillaries to major veins.
Venules
A blood pressure of 135/82 would be classified as what stage of blood pressure?
Stage 1 hypertension
True or False
Blood is found in all empty spaces in your body.
False.
Blood is found within blood vessels. Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body, transports waste products, and is used in immunity.
Where is the thyroid?
Neck
After eating a donut, the pancreas will release _____ in order to lower blood glucose levels.
Insulin
What muscles are needed for proper exhale?
- Internal intercoastals
- Abdominal muscles
Define
Bradypnea
Breathing rate less than 8 breaths per minute
What are the three regions of the digestive system?
- Head and neck
- Upper GI tract
- Lower GI tract
Blood flow through the veins occurs by:
- Contraction of skeletal muscle surrounding vein
- Contraction of smooth muscle along the vein
What is the largest artery in the body?
Aorta
The aorta leaves the heart and transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
What is the color of deoxygenated blood?
Red.
Blood is always red because of iron. The only difference is in the brightness of the color. When blood does not contain oxygen, blood is a maroon color; with the presence of oxygen, blood will be a more vibrant red.
What blood vessels are the site of the gas exchange in the body?
Capillaries
Strength training and moderate-intensity exercise will increase levels of what hormones?
Testosterone, growth hormone, IGF.
The cardiorespiratory is made of the ____ and _____ systems of the body that work together to deliver oxygen to the parts of the body.
Cardiovascular and respiratory system
The superior chambers of the heart are called _____.
Left and Right Atria (or atrium if singular)
What gland is human growth hormone released from?
Pituitary
True or False
It is safe for a client with hypertension to perform the Valsalva maneuver while learning how to deadlift.
False.
The Valsalva maneuver will increase blood pressure.
What are the steps of the heart conduction, starting at the SA Node?
- SA Node
- AV Node
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
Where are your adrenal glands?
Above the kidneys
The adrenal glands have 2 divisions. The innermost section - called the medulla - secretes catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine needed for fight or flight. The outer division - called the cortex - is responsible for the creation and secretion of mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone needed for water and salt balance), glucocorticoids (such as cortisol), and sex hormones.
How is cardiac muscle different than skeletal muscle?
- Cardiac muscle is involuntary
- Cardiac muscle fibers are shorter and more tightly connected than skeletal.
- Cardiac muscle contains intercalated discs
What is the flow of blood vessels starting from the heart?
- Heart
- Aorta
- Artery
- Arteriole
- Capillary
- Venule
- Vein
- Vena Cava
What is the order of airflow through the respiratory system, starting at the nasal cavity and ending at the alveolar sac?
- Nasal cavity
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Primary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Alveolar sacs
What is the name for the stress hormone that is used for tissue catabolism?
Cortisol
Catabolism means to break apart. Tissue catabolism refers to breaking down tissues such as muscles.
For more about stress and how the human body processes stress in relation to performance, click here!
What is the flow of food, from the mouth to the anus?
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
- Large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon)
- Rectum
- Anus
What are the two main hormones that are responsible for controlling blood sugar?
- Insulin (decreases blood sugar)
- Glucagon (increases blood sugar)
The heart is contained in the _____, an area of the chest located within the thoracic cavity.
Mediastinum
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine, in order after, after the stomach?
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
The duodenum and jejunum are responsible for the absorption of macronutrients. The ileum is responsible for the absorption of salts, vitamins, and electrolytes.
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
To collect oxygen from the external environment and transport it to the tissues of the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
For more information on the respiratory system, click here.
What is normal blood pressure?
Below 120/80
True or False
Exercise can improve intestinal function.
TRUE
The average resting heart rate for a healthy adult is ______.
Between 70 and 80 beats per minute
Heart rate can fluctuate throughout the day. Resting heart rate refers to heart rate when your body is relaxed. In highly trained athletes, the resting heart rate will be lower than average because of the efficiency of the heart.
What blood vessels have thin walls with valves and are used to transport blood back to the heart?
Veins
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are sympathetic or parasympathetic in nature?
Sympathetic.
Epinephrine (or adrenaline) and norepinephrine will stimulate the fight or flight response (which is also referred to as sympathetic function).
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
To transport and deliver blood from the heart to the tissues of the body and back to the heart.
To learn more about the cardiovascular system, click here.
Clients on blood thinners or anticoagulants may bruise after massage or foam rolling. Why?
These medications alter clients’ blood clotting abilities that may make them bruise easier.
What gland is also known as the “master gland”?
Pituitary
The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it controls the function of several other endocrine glands.
The teeth, saliva, and tongue are all an important part of what process?
Ingestion.
The teeth are responsible for mastication. Saliva has enzymes that help break down food. The tongue helps move food in the mouth towards the upper GI tract.
Food in the stomach is called what?
Chyme.
Chyme is a mix of food and stomach acid. Stomach acid is needed to help break apart protein.
What does the Frank Sterling Law of the Heart state?
Stroke volume increases when there is an increased venous return and ventricular filling.
Increase ventricular filling improves contractile force as a result of a greater stretch of muscle fibers in the heart.
True or False
During exercise, you should check a client’s pulse using the carotid artery in the neck.
False.
Putting pressure on this artery reduces blood flow to the brain which can cause dizziness, inaccurate measurement, or in extreme cases loss of consciousness. For these reasons and more, NASM does not recommend this site to check for heart rate on a client and recommends only using the radial artery.
After the blood leaves the pulmonary vein, blood will travel to the ______.
Left Atria
What are the smallest chambers of the heart called?
Atria
What muscles are needed for proper inhale?
- Diaphram
- External intercostals
- Scalenes
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Pectoralis minor
The right side of the heart is also called the ______ side of the heart because it receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.
Pulmonic side.
After leaving the SA node, the conduction of the heart will travel to the 1. , then the 2. , and finally to the 3. which sends the conduction around the ventricles.
- AV Node
- Bundle of His (or atrioventricular bundle)
- Purkinje fibers
What do platelets do?
Clot blood
What is the blood flow of the heart, starting in the vena cava.
- Vena Cava
- Right Atria
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Artery
- Lungs
- Pulmonary Vein
- Left Atria
- Left Ventricle
- Aorta
- Tissues of the body
Is the Valsalva maneuver safe?
It depends.
The Valsalva maneuver increases the rigidity of the spine, acting as a natural weight belt, and will protect the spine when lifting heavy loads however it also increases blood pressure and has a compressive force on the heart, making it harder for blood to return to the heart.
True or false
Weight lifting will cause women to ‘bulk up’.
False.
Unless there is a hormonal imbalance or a female is taking performance-enhancing supplements, women usually cannot produce muscle hypertrophy to the degree that men can because they have significantly lower levels of testosterone and also have higher levels of estrogen.
What does cortisol do?
Stimulates gluconeogenesis, or the breaking down of fat and protein to serve as an energy source.
How do you manually find someone’s heart rate?
- Place middle and index finger around the palm side of the wrist, about an inch down from the wrist and on the thumb side.
- Locate the radial artery by applying light pressure
- When finding resting heart rate, count the number of pulses you feel for 60 seconds
- When finding heart rate during exercise, count the number of pulses in 6 seconds and add a 0 to the end (If 12 pulses are felt, the heart rate is 120).
Air goes down the ______ while food goes down the _______ in the throat.
Trachea, esophagus
Define
Intercalated discs
Discs of tissue that help hold cardiac muscle cells together during a contraction and help sync the contraction so the heart can operate as its own functional unit.
What stimulates the release of growth hormone?
Estrogen and testosterone levels, deep sleep, and vigorous exercise.
True or False
As men age, testosterone declines.
True.
While the natural decline of testosterone does occur with age, other factors such as overall health and exercise levels have a higher degree of change than age. Men who are active and are free of medical conditions have been shown to have higher levels of men the same age with sedentary lifestyles and chronic conditions such as hypertension or arthritis.
After oxygen is taken out of blood and carbon dioxide is put into the blood, blood will travel through the veins to the ______ which will bring blood back to the heart.
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava which empty into the right atria of the heart.
The systemic side of the heart is the left or right side of the heart?
Left.
The left side of the heart, or the systemic side, pumps blood with high oxygen levels to the rest of the body.
What hormone, released from the thyroid, is important in those at a higher risk for osteoporosis?
Calcitonin.
Calcitonin is responsible for putting calcium into the bones.
What are the three types of cells in the blood?
- Red blood cells
- Platelets
- White blood cells
What are the parts of the respiratory airways?
- Alveoli
- Alveolar sacs
The respiratory system is comprised of two parts: the conducting airways and the respiratory airways. The conducting airways include the nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, left and right pulmonary bronchi, and bronchioles. The respiratory airway is comprised of the alveoli and alveolar sacs.
Define
Heart Rate
The rate at which the heart beats
Define
Tachycardia
Resting heart rate above 100
Plasma makes up what percentage of blood?
55%
Plasma is the watery matrix part of blood.
How does blood protect the body?
- Prevents excessive bleeding
- Contains white blood cells which help fight diseases and sickness
The bottom chambers of the heart are termed what?
Left and Right Ventricles
How many hours of sleep is recommended for normal endocrine function?
7 to 8 hours per night.
What is the main region of the brain responsible for endocrine function?
The hypothalamus
A blood pressure of 129/71 would be classified as what level of blood pressure?
Elevated blood pressure.
What is considered the natural pacemaker of the heart?
SA Node
From the left ventricle, blood will travel through the ________ to the tissues of the body?
Aorta
A small artery is called a(n) ________.
Arteriole
When checking for heart rate you are palpating for what kind of blood vessel?
Artery
What are the three mechanisms of blood?
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Regulate bodily functions such as mood, growth, development, tissue function, and metabolism
Define
Bradycardia
Resting heart rate below 60
What direction do arteries carry blood?
Away from the heart
What makes up the conducting airway of the respiratory system?
- Nasal Cavity
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx (throat)
- Larynx (voice box)
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
Where in your body is your heart?
Obliquely in the center of the thoracic cavity in the chest.
It is a common misconception that the heart is on the left side of your chest. The heart sits directly behind the sternum in the center of the chest, slightly angled toward the left side.
What bones are needed for proper breathing?
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Vertebrae
Overtraining will result in high levels of what hormone?
Cortisol.
The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to accomplish what?
- Provide adequate amounts of oxygen to the body
- Deliver nutrients
- Remove waste such as carbon dioxide
