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NASM ® CPT > Chapter 12 - Postural, Movement, and Performance Assessments > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Postural, Movement, and Performance Assessments Flashcards

After completing this deck, the fitness professional will be able to identify the rationale for postural and movement assessments, conduct various posture, movement, and performance assessments, and interpret the results of the data collected.

1
Q

True or False

During the OHSA, clients should be barefoot with their knees visible.

A

True.

During the OHSA, shoes should be taken off so you can observe the foot and ankle complex better. Knees should be visible (ie not behind baggy clothing) to better observe the knee.

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2
Q

What are some assessment considerations for obese clients?

A
  • Ensure health screening is complete
  • Avoid assuming ability
  • Limit assessments needing getting up and down from the ground
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3
Q

What is the purpose of a static postural assessment?

A

To look for any deviations from optical alignment

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4
Q

Someone who works in front of a computer all day will likely have which of the three most common distortion patterns?

A

Upper crossed syndrome

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5
Q

When observing static posture, what should you be looking for with the feet and ankles?

A
  • Feet and ankles are straight and parallel, not flattened or externally rotated.
  • The leg should be at a right angle to the sole of the foot
  • Heels are straight and forward with vertical Achilles tendon. Weight equally distributed
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6
Q

What are the three most common distortion patterns

A
  • Pes Planus
  • Lower crossed syndrome
  • Upper crossed syndrome
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7
Q

What assessments should be avoided during pregnancy?

A
  • Any assessment the client is not comfortable with
  • Single leg squat
  • Any assessment in the prone or supine position during the second and third trimester (such as the push-up and bench assessment)
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8
Q

Should obese clients perform the single-leg squat assessment?

A

It depends.

If the client is comfortable completing the assessment and shows adequate strength and stability during the OHSA, the single-leg squat assessment can be completed without modification.

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9
Q

What compensation are you checking for during a single-leg squat assessment?

A

Knee valgus

Knee valgus is caused by an overactive TFL and adductor complex and an underactive gluteus maximus and posterior/ anterior tibialis.

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT seen in upper crossed syndrome?

  • Increased cervical flexion
  • Increased scapular elevation
  • Decreased shoulder extension
  • Decreased shoulder external rotation
A

Increased cervical flexion

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11
Q

What is the correct sequence of assessments?

A
  1. Preparticipation health screening
  2. Physiological assessments
  3. Body composition
  4. Postural and movement
  5. Cardio
  6. Performance
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12
Q

A client has an overactive hip flexor. What compensation would you expect to see during the pulling assessment?

A

Low back arch

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13
Q

This assessment is best used for athletes seeking agility and overall sprinting speed.

A

Pro Shuffle

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14
Q

This assessment is designed to assess dynamic posture, core stability, and neuromuscular control during a squat.

A

Overhead squat assessment (OHSA)

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15
Q

Observing an excessive forward lean during an overhead squat assessment would most likely mean that the soleus and gastrocnemius need to be _________.

A

Stretched or lengthened

The gastrocnemius and soleus are overactive (or tight) if there is an excessive forward lean during the OHSA. In order to correct this, these muscles need to be stretched.

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16
Q

When observing static posture in the anterior view, what should you be looking for with the knees?

A

Knees should be in line with the toes. No knee valgus or knee varus.

Knee valgus is knocked kneed. Knee varus is when the knees bow outward.

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17
Q

This static posture distortion pattern is characterized by flattened feet and adducted/internally rotated knees.

A

Pronation Distortion Syndrome or Pes Planus

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18
Q

What is the correct sequence order for the LEFT test?

A
  • Forward sprint
  • Backpedal
  • SIde shuffle
  • Side shuffle
  • Carioca
  • Carioca
  • Forward sprint
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19
Q

Define

Static posture

A

The positioning of the musculoskeletal system while the body is motionless

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20
Q

This distortion syndrome usually presents itself due to overactive hip flexors and low back muscles with underactive glutes, hamstrings, and abdominal muscles.

A

Lower crossed syndrome

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21
Q

Define

Dynamic Posture

A

Alignment of the body while in motion

22
Q

What does the LEFT assessment test for?

A

Lateral speed and agility

LEFT stands for lower extremity functional test.

23
Q

During a push and a pull assessment, the weight should be in line with what part of the body?

A

Shoulders

24
Q

This assessment evaluates dynamic posture, lower body strength, balance, and overall coordination in a single leg stance.

A

Single leg squat

25
Q

Can youth clients perform maximum strength testing?

A

Yes, but it should be subbed for muscular endurance tests instead.

Most youth clients should avoid these tests simply because they lack the maturity and development for such assessments. Instead, muscular endurance tests such as the push-up test and performance tests such as the pro shuttle and LEFT are better options.

26
Q

During the OHSA your client’s feet turn outward. What muscle is most likely overactive?

  • Adductor complex
  • Quadriceps
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Anterior tibialis
A

Gastrocnemius

27
Q

A client with overactive hip flexors may demonstrate which movement compensation(s)?

A
  • Excessive Lean Forward
  • Low Back Arches
28
Q

This distortion syndrome exhibits collapsed arch in the feet, knee valgus, and internally rotated hip and thighs.

A

Pes Planus

29
Q

How many times should the client perform a squat during the OHSA?

A

Approximately 5 times, or enough times for the trainer to observe movement from the anterior and lateral viewpoints.

30
Q

During a pushing assessment, your client’s low back arches. What muscle needs to be strengthened?

  • Abdominal muscles
  • Low back muscles
  • Hip flexors
  • Quadricep complex.
A

Abdominal muscles

31
Q

A lengthened vastus medialis and gluteus maximus would likely lead to__________________.

  • knee abduction
  • knee adduction
A

Knee adduction

32
Q

What are you looking for from the anterior view during the OHSA?

A
  • Feet pointing straight and not externally rotating
  • Knees tracking straight and not inward
33
Q

During an overhead squat assessment, an underactive gluteus maximus may lead to which three-movement compensations?

A
  • Knees Move Inward
  • Excessive Lean Forward
  • Low back arch
34
Q

Why is it important to reassess a client on a regular basis?

A
  • Provides positive encouragement
  • Reassess fitness level
  • Opportunity to refine or progress exercises
  • Check for program efficiency and identify areas that need redesigning
35
Q

What are the five kinetic chain checkpoints to observe during assessments?

A
  1. Feet and ankles
  2. Knees
  3. LPHC
  4. Shoulders
  5. Head and neck
36
Q

Define

Muscle Imbalance

A

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

This means that muscles on one side of the joint will be tight, or overactive, while muscles on the other side of the joint will be loose, or underactive.

37
Q

Which of the following assessments tests for muscular endurance?

  • Bench Press assessment
  • Push-Up test
  • Squat assessment
A

Push-up test

38
Q

When observing static posture from the lateral view, what should you be looking for with the shoulders?

A

Shoulders should be aligned with ears and not excessively rounded

39
Q

When observing static posture, what should you be looking for with the LPHC?

A
  • Level pelvis with no hike to either side
  • Neutral position with no excessive lumbar curve
  • Pelvis should not be rotated or hiked to either side
40
Q

This syndrome is can be caused by tight chest, neck, and upper trapezius muscles and weak mid-back muscles.

A

Upper Crossed Syndrome

41
Q

Define

Functional movement

A

The means by which people can perform a variety of activities.

42
Q

What are you looking for from the lateral view during the OHSA?

A
  • Excessive forward lean (LPHC)
  • Arms falling forward (shoulders)
  • Excessive low back arch (LPHC)
43
Q

For someone exhibiting lower crossed syndrome, would the hip flexors be shortened or lengthened?

A

Shortened

44
Q

When observing static posture, what should you be looking for with the head and neck?

A
  • Neutral position with no tilt or head positioned forward
  • Head not jutting forward
  • No tilt or rotation
45
Q

Your client has upper crossed syndrome. What compensation(s) may you observe during the pulling assessment?

A
  • Shoulder elevation
  • Head jutting forward

People with upper crossed syndrome usually have an overactive levator scapula, SCM, and upper trapezius. During a pulling assessment, an overactive levator scap and upper trap can cause shoulder elevation while an overactive levator scap and SCM can cause the head to jut forward.

46
Q

What test is best to test for reaction time?

A

40-yd dash

47
Q

Which assessment tests for horizontal power?

A

Long jump assessment

48
Q

During the single-leg squat, you observe that the client’s knee moves inward. Which of the following muscles is most likely to be overactive?

  • Gluteus Medius
  • Vastus Medialis Oblique
  • Biceps Femoris (short head)
  • Medial Gastrocnemius
A

Bicep Femoris (short head)

The Bicep femoris is a common hip adductor.

49
Q

During a pushing assessment, your client exhibits scapular elevation. What muscle(s) are underactive?

A

Lower trapezius

50
Q

During an overhead squat assessment, you observe that your client’s arms fall forward. Would this likely indicate that the pectoralis major/minor is overactive or underactive?

A

Overactive

51
Q

During an overhead squat assessment, you observe a low back arch in your client. Name three muscles (muscle groups) that are likely to be overactive.

A
  1. Hip Flexor Complex
  2. Erector Spinae / low back muscles
  3. Latissimus Dorsi

NASM ® CPT (23 decks)

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