Chapter 7 Human Memory Flashcards
xRetrieval Cues
A stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory
Procedural memory of LTM
For skills and habits
DECLARATIVE DIVIDED INTO (2 types)
Semantic memory + Episodic memory
Primacy effect
items earlier on list recalled better
How is information maintained in memory?
Storage
People are ______________ of their memories
overconfident
Levels of Processing
for verbal information, 3 progressively deeper levels of processing
which result in longer-lasting memory codes
what are the evidence of LTM?
Some people with brain damage – can recall long-term but not new information
Serial position effect
Structural Encoding
shallow processing emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus (e.g., capital or lowercase letters, length, number of words)
Which parts of the brain are involved in emotional memory
Amygdala
Chunking
memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into elements with related meaning
Motivation to remember – (MTR)
if perceived to be important, people will exert more effort to organize information. More of an effect on recall at encoding than at retrieval.
Amnesia
Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties
Episodic memory (general memory)
For events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
Central executive processor
Involved in reasoning and decision making
How is information pulled back out of memory?
RETRIEVAL
Elaborative rehearsal
STM- Information is considered and organized in some fashion (turning it into an image, transforming it in some way)
Self-Referent
(Enriching Encoding)
making material personally relevant
Retrieval Cues
Stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is in long-term memory
Episodic buffer
contains info that represents episodes and events
Declarative memory of LTM
For factual information
Enriching Encoding
Semantic encoding, visual Imagery, Self-Referent, Motivation to remember – (MTR)
Role of Attention (encoding)
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events…can’t pay attention to everything…need to be selective
this memory is like a new file saved on a hard drive
Long-Term Memory
Recency effect
items presented later on list recalled better
Anterograde amnesia
Memory is lost for events that follow an injury
Human Memory
the capacity to retain and retrieve information
Rehearsal
Repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. Whether the transfer is made from short-term to long-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
STM- Information is considered and organized in some fashion (turning it into an image, transforming it in some way)
Anterograde amnesia
Memory is lost for events that follow an injury
Phonemic Encoding
what a word sounds like
Semantic Encoding
meaning of verbal input
What are 3 types of memory stores
Sensory, Short-term, Long-term Memory
autobiographical memory
the memories of significant personal events and experiences from an individual’s life
Elaborative rehearsal
STM- Information is considered and organized in some fashion (turning it into an image, transforming it in some way)
Retrograde amnesia
Memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event, but not for new events
Elaborative rehearsal
STM- Information is considered and organized in some fashion (turning it into an image, transforming it in some way)
Recall
Specific piece of information must be retrieved
Semantic networks
Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information
Visual Imagery
(Enriching Encoding)
some words are easier to visualize (running) than others (truth)
Mnemonics
Organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered
which parts of the brain are involved in factual memory?
Hippocampus
Serial position effect
LTM- Ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears
Sensory memory
Initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant/ brief moment
Long-Term Memory
A storehouse of almost unlimited capacity that we can retrieve when we need it
Semantic encoding
enhanced through elaboration- linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
Hindsight bias
tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out
Short-term memory
-Holds information for 15 to 25 seconds if it’s unrehearsed
-Repetitive Rehearsal needed
-If we are to make sense of it & retain it, it must be transferred to STM
Recognition
Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he/she has been exposed to it previously, or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives
Set of temporary memory stores ____________
actively manipulate and rehearse information
Semantic memory (personal Knowledge)
For general knowledge, facts about the world and rules of logic
How does information get into memory?
(ENCODING)
What are Sensory Memories
