Chapter 7: Human Memory Flashcards
Define: Attention Encoding Storage Retrieval
attention: Focused attention on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
encoding: forming memory code
storage: maintaining encoded information in memory over time
Retrieval: recovering information from memory stores
two types of selective attention
Early selection model: before the meaning of stimuli is processed
Late selection model: after the meaning of stimuli is processed
Verbal information levels of processing
Shallow: structural encoding
Intermediate: Phonomic encoding
Deep: Semantic encoding
other options to enrich coding
elaboration: linking stimulus to other information
visual imagery: create images to represent
self-referent encoding: deciding how information is personal relevent
Dual-coding theory
memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes
process of storing memory
sensory store –> short term memory store –> Long term memory store
2 types of memory rehearsal
maintenance rehearsal: maintain information in consciousness
elaborative rehearsal: increase the probability you retain information in the future
4 components of working memory
1) phonological loop represents all stages of Short term memory 2) visuospatial sketchpad hold and manipulate visual images 3) Central executive system controls attention 4) Episodic buffer interface between working and long term memory, allows components to integrate informtion
how is knowledge represented/organized
clustering, conceptual heirarchy
semantic networks
schemas
connectionist networks/parallel distributed processing models
retrieval cues
stimuli that help gain access to memory
misinformation effect
recall of an event is altered by introducing misleading post-event information
source monitoring
inference of where a memory originates
measures of forgetting
recall
recognition
relearning
Why we forget
ineffective encoding decay interference retrieval failure motivated forgetting
types of interference
retroactive interference: new info affects old
proactive interference: old info affects new
7 sins of memory
• Transience
○ Weakening of memory over time
• Absentmindedness
○ Memory failure due to a failure to pay attention
• Blocking
○ Temporary problem
○ Fail to retrieve an item of information
• Misattribution
○ Assign memory to the wrong source
• Suggestibility
○ Distorted memory because misleading information
• Bias
○ Inaccuracy due to effects of current knowledge
• Persistence
○ Unwanted memories that haunt you
what brain structure affects memory
hippocampus and adjacent structures
types of amnesia
retrograde amnesia: forget what is in the past
anterograde amnesia: forget what is in the future
reconsolidation
a memory may weaken or strength or update due to new information
implicit memory vs explicit memory
Implicit: perceptual and motor skills cerebellum unconscious or unintentional Explicit: facts and events temporal lobe and hippocampus conscious and deliberate
Declarative vs Nondeclarative memory system
Declarative:
factual information
recall is effortful and conscious
Nondeclarative:
actions, skills, operations, conditioned responses
recall is largely automatic, little effort and attention
Semantic vs Episodic Memory systems
Episodic:
dated, personal experiences
Semantic:
general knowledge, stored undated
Prospective vs Retrospective memory
Prospective: to remember to do something in the future
Retrospective: remembered what happened in the past
