Chapter 7: Human Memory

Question 1

Define: 
Attention
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Answer 1

attention: Focused attention on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
encoding: forming memory code
storage: maintaining encoded information in memory over time
Retrieval: recovering information from memory stores

Question 2

two types of selective attention

Answer 2

Early selection model: before the meaning of stimuli is processed
Late selection model: after the meaning of stimuli is processed

Question 3

Verbal information levels of processing

Answer 3

Shallow: structural encoding
Intermediate: Phonomic encoding
Deep: Semantic encoding

Question 4

other options to enrich coding

Answer 4

elaboration: linking stimulus to other information
visual imagery: create images to represent
self-referent encoding: deciding how information is personal relevent

Question 5

Dual-coding theory

Answer 5

memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes

Question 6

process of storing memory

Answer 6

sensory store –> short term memory store –> Long term memory store

Question 7

2 types of memory rehearsal

Answer 7

maintenance rehearsal: maintain information in consciousness

elaborative rehearsal: increase the probability you retain information in the future

Question 8

4 components of working memory

Answer 8

1) phonological loop
represents all stages of Short term memory
2) visuospatial sketchpad
hold and manipulate visual images
3) Central executive system
controls attention
4) Episodic buffer
interface between working and long term memory, allows components to integrate informtion

Question 9

how is knowledge represented/organized

Answer 9

clustering, conceptual heirarchy
semantic networks
schemas
connectionist networks/parallel distributed processing models

Question 10

retrieval cues

Answer 10

stimuli that help gain access to memory

Question 11

misinformation effect

Answer 11

recall of an event is altered by introducing misleading post-event information

Question 12

source monitoring

Answer 12

inference of where a memory originates

Question 13

measures of forgetting

Answer 13

recall
recognition
relearning

Question 14

Why we forget

Answer 14

ineffective encoding
decay
interference
retrieval failure
motivated forgetting

Question 15

types of interference

Answer 15

retroactive interference: new info affects old

proactive interference: old info affects new

Question 16

7 sins of memory

Answer 16

• Transience
○ Weakening of memory over time
• Absentmindedness
○ Memory failure due to a failure to pay attention
• Blocking
○ Temporary problem
○ Fail to retrieve an item of information
• Misattribution
○ Assign memory to the wrong source
• Suggestibility
○ Distorted memory because misleading information
• Bias
○ Inaccuracy due to effects of current knowledge
• Persistence
○ Unwanted memories that haunt you

Question 17

what brain structure affects memory

Answer 17

hippocampus and adjacent structures

Question 18

types of amnesia

Answer 18

retrograde amnesia: forget what is in the past

anterograde amnesia: forget what is in the future

Question 19

reconsolidation

Answer 19

a memory may weaken or strength or update due to new information

Question 20

implicit memory vs explicit memory

Answer 20

Implicit:
perceptual and motor skills
cerebellum
unconscious or unintentional
Explicit: 
facts and events
temporal lobe and hippocampus
conscious and deliberate

Question 21

Declarative vs Nondeclarative memory system

Answer 21

Declarative:
factual information
recall is effortful and conscious

Nondeclarative:
actions, skills, operations, conditioned responses
recall is largely automatic, little effort and attention

Question 22

Semantic vs Episodic Memory systems

Answer 22

Episodic:
dated, personal experiences

Semantic:
general knowledge, stored undated

Question 23

Prospective vs Retrospective memory

Answer 23

Prospective: to remember to do something in the future
Retrospective: remembered what happened in the past