Chapter 5

Question 1

what are the brain structures that influence mind wandering

Answer 1

default mode network

frontal parietal network

Question 2

4 Brain waves and their frequency and when they are active

Answer 2

Alpha (13-14 cps)
 awake conscious thought
Beta (8-12 cps)
 deep relaxation
Theta (4-7 cps)
 light sleep
Delta (under 4 cps_
 deep sleep

Question 3

difference between circadian rhythm and biological rhythms

Answer 3

circadian is 24-hour biological cycle

biological is the periodic changes in physiological functioning

Question 4

what are the 6 things circadian rhythms influence

Answer 4

1. Sleep regulate
2. urine production
3. blood pressure
4. hormone secretion
5. alertness
6. short term memory

Question 5

how day and night cycles reset the biological clock

Answer 5

light in the retina sends signals to SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus) sends signals to the pineal gland to secrete melatonin, which adjusts the biological clock

Question 6

which directions would you fly to reset the biological clock faster?

Answer 6

west = faster reset
east = longer reset

Question 7

describe stage 1 of sleep

Answer 7

light sleep
alpha waves turn into theta waves
hypnic jerks occur
lasts 1-7 mins

Question 8

describe stage 2 of sleep

Answer 8

lasts 10-25 mins

sleep spindles occur

Question 9

describe stage 3/4 of sleep

Answer 9

brain waves increase in amplitude and slow in frequency (slow-wave sleep SWS)
lasts 30 mins

Question 10

describe stage 5 of sleep

Answer 10

happens after sleeper goes from stage 1 -> 4 -> 1
REM sleep
high-frequency low amplitude beta waves

Question 11

stats for age and slepe cycle

Answer 11

newborns : 50% in REM
first years: 30% in REM
elders: SWS declines

Question 12

Describe sleep in the brain

Answer 12

Pons generate REM sleep
Hypothalamus regulates sleep and wakefulness
Medulla, thalamus and forebrain also control sleep
ARAS (Ascending reticular activating system): brain regions interact to regulate sleep

Question 13

what happens when people have REM deprivation

Answer 13

rebound effect: spend more time in REM and frequent shifts to REM sleep

Question 14

List the 7 sleep disorders and describe them

Answer 14

Insomnia: chronic lack of adequate sleep
Narcolepsy: sudden sleeping during waking hours
Sleep apnea: can breath while sleeping, wake up gasping for air
Night Terrors: sudden waking from NREM
Somnambulism: sleepwalking
REM sleep behaviour disorder: Dream enactments, non-paralyzed body
Nightmares

Question 15

different meaning of dreams in culture

Answer 15

westers: dreams are insignificant
eastern: dreams have meaning / are meaningful

Question 16

3 theories of dreaming

Answer 16

1) wish fulfillment
2) work through everyday problems
3) busts of activity from brain regions while sleeping

Question 17

define Dissociation

Answer 17

splitting of the mental process into 2 streams of awareness

Question 18

what are the 4 hypnotic phenomena

Answer 18

1. anesthesia: reduce pain
2. sensory distortions and hallucinations
3. disinhibition: convince people to act in immoral/unacceptable ways
4. posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia

Question 19

what are the two main styles of meditation?

Answer 19

open monitoring
attention directed to current moment, expand attention to be aware of thoughts/feeling
focused attention
attention is concentrated/narrowed to clear the mind of clutter

Question 20

what happens to the brain during meditation

Answer 20

more prominent alpha and theta waves

body relaxes

Question 21

define psychoactive drug, physical dependence, psychological dependence

Answer 21

psychoactive drug: a drug that alters mental state, behaviour or emotion
physical dependence: dependence to avoid withdrawal symptoms
psychological dependence: dependence to satisfy mental and emotional craving

Question 22

List the 6 types of drugs

Answer 22

1. opiates/narcotics
2. sedatives
3. stimulants
4. hallucinogens
5. cannabis
6. alcohol