Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Define homeostasis

Answer 1

state of physiological equilibrium or stability

Question 2

define drive

Answer 2

internal state of tension that motivated an organism to engage in activates that will reduce the tension

Question 3

Explain Drive Theory

Answer 3

there is tension that disrupts the equilibrium, the individual will experience a drive to reduce the tension. This theory emphasizes internal states of tension to motivate people. Does not explain the drive for knowledge.

Question 4

Explain incentive theory

Answer 4

Does not consider homeostasis. Emphasizes how external stimuli create motivation and drive. Uses Expectancy-Value models of motivation.

Question 5

Describe Expectancy-Value Models of Motivation

Answer 5

models of motivation that account for realisticness. Understands that not all goals are achievable and courses of action depend on 2 factors.

1. expectancy about chances of success
2. value of desired incentive

Question 6

describe evolutionary theory

Answer 6

motives are products of evolution, this can explain motives for affiliation, achievement, dominance, aggression and sex

Question 7

explain the brain and bodies influence on hunger

Answer 7

hypothalamus affects hunger. Hormones (leptin) influences hunger regulation via information to the brain about the body’s fat reserves.

Question 8

Explain how environment can affect hunger regulation and the 3 key environmental factors.

Answer 8

cues associated with eating can influence hunger (ie. photos of food)
3 key environmental factors
1. availability of food
2. learned preferences and habits
3. stress

Question 9

describe how the availability of food affects hunger (5)

Answer 9

palatability: good tasting food makes you want to eat more
Quantity available: eat the amount given, finish the plate (bin model)
Variety: eat more if there is variety, same thing = sick of the food easily (sensory-specific satiety)
Presence of Others: eat more with people, use them as a guild for how much to eat
Stress: Stress causes you to eat more

Question 10

Describe how learned preference and habits affect hunger

Answer 10

food preference is learned and influenced by culture
can have preferences from birth
humans prefer fatty things due to genetics and evolutionary history

Question 11

explain obesity in humans

Answer 11

causes by history of competition for unreliable food sources causing individuals to consume more when they don’t need to.
Can be predispositioned by genetics
excessive eating and no exercise
body is wired to resist weight loss more than weight gain
diets can cause weight gain

Question 12

what is set-point theory?

Answer 12

body monitors fat cell levels to keep individuals at a stable weight

Question 13

explain parental investment theory

Answer 13

species mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest in terms of time, energy and survival risk to produce and nurture offspring.

Question 14

describe the parental investment theory of males and females

Answer 14

Males
Biological reality: little investment of time, energy and risk
Evolutionary significance: seeking more partners with high reproductive potential
Behavioural Outcomes: more interest in uncommitted sex, sex with more people, looks for youth and attractiveness in partners

Females
Biological reality: substantial investment of time, energy and risk
Evolutionary significance: seeking partners willing to invest material resources in offspring
Behavioural Outcomes: less interested in uncommitted sex, smaller number of sex partners, looks for income status and ambition.

Question 15

Describe affiliation motive

Answer 15

ostracism affects mood and behaviour, causes increased activity in parts of the brain associated with physical pain

Question 16

how is the need for affiliation measured

Answer 16

thematic apperception test

Question 17

name 3 situational factors that influence achievement strivings

Answer 17

1. strength of motivation to achieve
2. estimate the probability of success
3. incentive values of success

fear of failure can also influence achievement strivings

Question 18

what are the 3 things emotion involves

Answer 18

1. subjective conscious experience (cognitive component)
2. bodily arousal (physiological component)
3. characteristic overt (behavioural component)

Question 19

what is affective forecasting

Answer 19

efforts to predict an emotional reaction to future events. Often inaccurate.

Question 20

describe the bodily arousal (physiological component) of emotions

Answer 20

occurs through the autonomic nervous system (fight or flight)

Question 21

what is facial-feedback hypothesis?

Answer 21

facial muscles send signals to the brain and these signals help the brain recognize emotions people are feeling. facial expressions are universally recognized for basic emotions but there are cultural disparities for some emotions because of display rules.

Question 22

what are display rules

Answer 22

norms the regulate appropriate expression of emotions

Question 23

What are the 4 theories of emotions

Answer 23

James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory
Evolutionary Theories of Emotion

Question 24

Describe the James-Lange Theory

Answer 24

Feelings of arousal cause emotions, different patterns of autonomic activation leads to experiencing different emotions

stimulus -> autonomic arousal -> conscious feeling

Question 25

Describe Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 25

Emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex (creating experience of emotion) and to the autonomic nervous system (creating visual arousal)
Indistinguishable patterns of arousal

stimulus -> subcortical brain activity -> concous feeling/Autonomic arousal

Question 26

Describe Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory

Answer 26

experience depends on

1. autonomic arousal
2. cognitive interpretation of that arousal

stimulus -> autonomic arousal -> appraisal -> conscious feeling

Question 27

Describe Evolutionary Theories of Emotions

Answer 27

emotions developed because of their adaptive value, emotions developed before thought, thought plays little role in emotion.
emotions are produced by
1. blends of primary emotion
2. variations in intensity