CHAPTER 7: HOW DOWE STUDY THE BRAIN'S FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE Flashcards
Near-infrared spectroscopy measures:
blood-oxygen consumption.
In a study on infant language, researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar
language there was an ______ in oxygenated hemoglobin, and there was a ______ in oxygenated
hemoglobin when they listened to an unfamiliar language.
increase; decrease
The electroencephalograph (EEG) was invented by:
Hans Berger.
Broca’s area is located in what lobe?
frontal lobe.
The first field of study of the relationship between brain function and behaviour is:
neuropsychology
In order to view synapses in detail you need:
an electron microscope.
A ______ makes it possible to view the three-dimensional structure of living brain tissue.
multiphoton microscope
______ stains show cell bodies, whereas ______ stains show cell bodies and processes (e.g., dendrites).
Nissl; Golgi
A study contrasting normal rats and ADX rats (who had their adrenal glands removed) observed that:
only ADX rats had difficulty remembering objects they had encountered before.
The Corsi test measures what?
memory
The mirror-drawing task measures:
motor memory.
Place learning is measured using:
a swimming pool for rats.
The Morris water maze is used for:
A) a place-learning task.
B) a matching-to-place task.
C) a landmark-learning task.
what is NOT one of the versions of the Morris water maze task?
place association
Modifying the brain and observing the effects on behaviour is a valuable experimental tool because:
A) it allows researchers to develop testable hypotheses about how the brain influences behavior.
B) it allows a hypothesis to be tested experimentally.
C) it allows for the development of animal models of human disorders
Lashley made lesions on the cortex of rats in his search for the location of memory. He found that:
memory loss was related to the size, not the location, of the lesion.
In 1957 Scoville and Milner described a patient who had profound amnesia following surgical removal of the:
the hippocampus
A stereotaxic apparatus is used:
for lesioning the brain.
In order to create accurately placed subcortical lesions it is necessary to use:
a stereotaxic apparatus.
Neurotoxic lesions destroy ______, and electrolytic lesions destroy _____.
neurons; neurons and fibers
______ applied to the globus pallidus has been used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease.
Deep brain stimulation
You can create a Parkinson’s rat by:
lesioning the substantia nigra (contains dopamine producing cells)
_____ uses a stimulating coil to pass a magnetic field through the skull in order to induce
electrical stimulation of the cortex.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
what does Administering nicotine to rats do?
first improves learning, then impairs learning on a second task.
______ uses light to control targeted cells in living tissue in order to activate proteins.
Optogenetics
Using blue light to excite and green-yellow light to inhibit neurons is making use of:
optogenetics
EEG is a measure of:
graded potentials.
Alpha rhythms are recorded from:
an EEG.
______ rhythms are extremely regular, with a frequency of approximately 11 cycles per second,
and are commonly observed when a person is awake but relaxed.
Alpha
If a person is awake and alert, the EEG pattern will consist of:
low-amplitude, high-frequency waves
EEG can be used to:
A) monitor sleep.
B) estimate depth of anesthesia.
C) detect epilepsy.
Event-related potentials are:
largely graded potentials on dendrites.
The event-related potential (ERP) technique relies heavily on:
both repeated stimulus presentation and signal averaging.
The terms N1, P2, and P3 are related to:
ERP
______ measures the magnetic fields associated with electrical signals in the cortex.
Magnetoencephalogram
The most promising technique for studying development and aging is:
event-related potentials.
A magnetoencephalogram (MEG) measures:
magnetic potentials recorded from outside the skull.
The main advantage of MEG over event-related potentials (ERP) is:
MEG is better at localizing the source of electrical signals in the brain.
Place cells are found in the:
hippocampus
Single cells in the ventral temporal cortex:
can respond to both a human face and a human hand.
A computed tomography (CT) scan is a:
series of X-rays.
X-ray absorption is:
medium in neural tissue
CT scans are not useful in differentiating:
white matter from grey matter.
Magnetic resonance imaging scans:
hydrogen atoms.
Magnetic resonance imaging involves:
A) hydrogen atoms.
B) magnets.
C) radio pulses.
Magnetic resonance imaging measures:
radio pulses emitted by hydrogen atoms.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) images nerve fibre pathways by detecting:
the directional movement of water molecules.
______ can be used to determine the concentration of different brain metabolites.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures:
oxygen changes.
fMRI has high ______ but low ______.
spatial resolution; temporal resolution
what is not one of the disadvantages of fMRI?
poor spatial resolution
The imaging procedure with which researchers collect data while the participant simply looks at a
fixation point with the eyes open is called:
resting-state fMRI.
The technique that correlates activation in different brain regions over time to look for networks of
activity is:
resting-state fMRI.
Positron emission tomography (PET) uses:
radioactive isotopes.
To measure brain metabolic activity PET uses radioactive isotopes of:
oxygen
PET measures:
both metabolic activity and blood flow.
Statistical subtraction is used in:
PET scans.
PET can:
A) detect the decay of radiochemicals.
B) detect relative amounts of neurotransmitters.
C) be used to study cognitive function.
Which of the following is a form of optical tomography?
fNIRS
Stimuli related to rewarding behaviours such as food and sex are correlated with fluctuations of :
dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.
______ is a procedure in which a cannula is implanted to collect extracellular fluid.
Microdialysis
______ can be used to study the concentration of different neurotransmitters in extracellular
fluid.
Microdialysis and cerebral voltammetry
Cerebral voltammetry is used to measure:
neurotransmitter levels.
______ uses current passed through an electrode to measure the amount of electrons added or taken
away from different neurotransmitters in extracellular fluid.
Cerebral voltammetry
One advantage of cerebral voltammetry over mircodialysis is that it:
does not require chemical analysis of the extracellular fluid.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in:
neuroplasticity.
The Met allele has been linked with:
both decreased hippocampal volume and increased rates of dementia.
Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been associated with:
depression
The Val allele has been associated with:
both anxiety disorders and neuroticism.
A study by Caspi and colleagues observed that if participants with the ______ genotype used
cannabis in ______, they were more likely to develop psychosis
Val; adolescence
The alleles Val 66Met and Val 66Val have been linked with:
depression.
The Met allele (gene) has been associated with:
poor episodic memory.
The COMPT gene has been linked with:
schizophrenia.
Exposing pregnant rats to stressful situations can lead to changes in:
both the frontal cortex and the hippocampus.
Epigenetics is:
the change in gene expression caused by experience.
Research has linked maternal attention in early childhood with:
hippocampal volume.
Identical twins’ gene expression is:
similar when they are young but differs with age.
Maternal attention given by mother rats to their infants alters the expression of certain genes in the:
hippocampus
Humans who have a history of childhood abuse and who commit suicide show epigenetic
differences in the:
hippocampus
The best method of examining the response characteristics of individual neurons in the visual
cortex is:
a single-cell recording.
To study the role of a specific brain structure in behaviour:
A) study patients with damage to the brain region of interest.
B) study animals with damage to the brain region of interest.
C) apply transcranial magnetic stimulation to the brain region of interest.
If you are interested in knowing where in the brain something is processed, it is better to use
______, whereas if you are interested in knowing when the brain processes something, it is better
to use ______.
fMRI; ERP
Which of the following has a rat model?
A) Parkinson’s disease
B) stroke
C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
ADD and ADHD have been linked with ______ in the ______.
B) abnormal dopamine levels; frontal lobes and basal ganglia
A recent review of ADD and ADHD demonstrated that:
rates of ADD and ADHD are the same in developed and developing nations if the same
diagnostic criteria are used.
Companies that use animals for research:
are not required to follow a screening process.
Companies using animals for research generally follow good laboratory practice, because if they
don’t:
A) their work will not be published in journals.
B) government agencies will not accept their findings.
C) they will be refused approval for clinical trials with humans.
In order to receive ethics approval to use animals in an experiment, the researcher must
demonstrate:
A) that the knowledge gained from the experiment is important enough to warrant the use of
animals.
B) that no other methods are available to investigate the same question.
C) that the animals will be treated humanely.
