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NEUROSCIENCE > CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the technique that allows researchers to label different neurons by highlighting them with
distinct colors.

A

brainbow

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2
Q

The Golgi stain made use of ______ to stain neurons so they could be viewed under a microscope.

A

silver nitrate

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3
Q

Based on their observations of stained neurons, Golgi put forward the ______ hypothesis.

A

nerve net

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4
Q

Cajal proposed the ______ hypothesis.

A

neuron

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5
Q

In the central nervous system there are approximately:

A

100 billion neurons

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6
Q

how many axons do neurons have?

A

have only one axon

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7
Q

The ______ is the core region of the cell that contains the nucleus and other organelles.

A

soma

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8
Q

______ are branches extending out of a neuron’s cell membrane that allow it to collect information
from other cells.

A

dendrites

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9
Q

______ are single fibres that carry messages to other neurons.

A

axons

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10
Q

what are parts of a neuron’s function?

A

A) encoding memories
B) production of thoughts and memories
C) production of behavior

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11
Q

what is not part of a neuron’s function?

A

producing myelin

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12
Q

The action potential typically originates at the:

A

axon hillock.

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13
Q

The part of the axon that conveys information to other neurons is the:

A

terminal button.

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14
Q

Which of the following defines a synapse?

A

end foot, space, dendrite

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15
Q

What is the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron?

A

dendrite, nucleus, axon hillock, axon

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16
Q
  1. What is the best analogy for a neuron?
A

a multi-input computational device with one output wire

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17
Q

______ carry information from receptors to the brain.

A

sensory neurons

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18
Q

which cells are examples of different types of interneurons.

A

A) Purkinje; stellate
B) Purkinje; pyramidal
C) Pyramidal; stellate

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19
Q

_____ are also called association cells because they link up sensory and motor neurons.

A

interneurons

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20
Q

______ are known for having the largest cell bodies and the longest axons.

A

motor neurons

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21
Q

______ are a special type of interneuron found in the cerebellum.

A

Purkinje cells

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22
Q

The simplest neuron is a(n):

A

bipolar neuron

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23
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of a pyramidal cell?

A

A) long axon
B) pyramid-shaped body
C) two sets of dendrites

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24
Q

Which of the following is not characteristic of a pyramidal cell?

A

one set of dendrites

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25
Q

what do interneurons do?

A

interneurons are involved in processing sensory information and sending information to the motor neurons.

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26
Q

Stellate cells are:

A

interneurons

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27
Q

what is not an interneuron?

A

schwann cell

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28
Q

what are Glial cells are primarily responsible for?

A

the support of neurons

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29
Q

______ act as “glue” that helps bind neurons together.

A

glia

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30
Q

what is formed throughout life?

A

Both some new neurons and many new glial cells are formed throughout life.

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31
Q

what glial cells are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

ependymal cells

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32
Q

what are Ependymal cells are associated with?

A

the production of CSF.

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33
Q

Hydrocephalus is usually caused by blockage at:

A

the fourth ventricle

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34
Q

what are the ventricles in the brain?

A

The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus, a network of ependymal cells involved in the production of CSF.

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35
Q

______ are glial cells that have nutritive and supportive functions.

A

astrocytes

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36
Q

Brain tumours often result from the unregulated growth of:

A

glial cells

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37
Q

______ are tumours that begin in one part of the body and spread to another part of the body.

A

metastatic tumours

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38
Q

The blood–brain barrier is made up of ______ attached to neurons and blood vessels.

A

astrocytes

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39
Q

Chris has been feeling very ill lately. He has had a severe headache for a week now and has been
vomiting, has had trouble concentrating, and has started losing some of his vision. This morning he
had a seizure. You tell Chris he should go to the hospital immediately because he probably has:

A

a brain tumour

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40
Q

The fluid in which the cell’s internal structures are suspended is called:

A

intracellular fluid

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41
Q

Astroglia (astrocytes) are associated with:

A

A) expansion of blood vessels.
B) the blood–brain barrier.
C) formation of scar tissue.

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42
Q

Astroglia (astrocytes) are not associated with:

A

removal of dead tissue.

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43
Q

Which glial cells operate as part of the brain’s immune system?

A

microglia

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44
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier?

A

a protective partition between blood vessels and the brain

45
Q

Which glial cells operate as part of the brain’s immune system?

A

microglial cells

46
Q

what percentage do microglial cells make up of glial cells and where do they originate from?

A

microglial cells make up 20% of all glial cells and originate in the blood as an offshoot of the immune system. they then migrate throughout the nervous system.

47
Q

Greg accidentally cuts his fingertip with a knife. The next day he notices that his fingertip seems
numb to the touch. Greg is very concerned about this, but you tell him not to worry because:

A

nerves in the PNS (periphery nervous system, since it was his finger that got cut) regenerate thanks to Schwann cells.

48
Q

______ help generate myelin in the CNS.

A

oligodendroglial cells

49
Q

______ help generate myelin in the PNS.

A

Schwann cells

50
Q

Myelin is produced by what cells?

A

oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

51
Q

what does Myelin around axons do?

A

speeds up transmission of information.

52
Q

Multiple sclerosis symptoms are caused by:

A

loss of myelin on axons

53
Q

Melissa, a 23-year-old female living in Alaska, has been having tingling sensations in her right arm
and leg for a few weeks. Today when she woke up she realized that she could barely move her
right arm. She had a similar set of symptoms a couple of years ago, but they went away, so she
thought everything was fine. Your advice to Melissa is to go to the doctor because:

A

she may have multiple sclerosis.

54
Q

what do Schwann cells do in the PNS?

A

In the peripheral nervous system Schwann cells serve as guideposts to show axons where to
terminate when regeneration occurs. axons can get lost, as sometimes happens after a surgeon reattach a severed limb. if axons destined to innervate one finger end up innervating another finger instead, the wrong finger will move when a message is sent along that neuron.

55
Q

Which three elements constitute more than 90% of a cell?

A

oxygen, hydrogen, carbon

56
Q

The smallest quantity of an element that retains the properties of an element is a(n):

A

atom

57
Q

______ is a structure that gathers, stores, and releases energy.

A

the mitochondrion

58
Q

The ______ contain(s) the chromosomes and genes of a cell.

A

nucleus

59
Q

The place where protein packages are wrapped and shipped in a cell is called:

A

Golgi body

60
Q

Mitochondria and lysosomes are analogous to:

A

power and transportation.

61
Q

______ are involved in transporting molecules and help give the cell its shape.

A

tubules

62
Q

Cell wastes are handled by:

A

lysosomes (also transportation)

63
Q

The cell membrane is important because:

A

it controls the amount of water in the cell and regulates the concentration of salts on two sides
of the membrane.

64
Q

In the CNS, what is the extracellular fluid?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

65
Q

The ______ help(s) regulate the concentration of different ions inside and outside of the neuron.

A

cell membrane

66
Q

All of the cells in our body are made from a book of blueprints contained in:

A

chromosomes of each individual cell.

67
Q

The code for the synthesis of proteins is contained in:

A

in genes

68
Q

Membranes of a cell are made of special molecules called:

A

phospholipids

69
Q

DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases. Which one of the following is not a nucleotide base?

A

histamine

70
Q

how many chromosomes do Human cells contain:

A

46 chromosomes

71
Q

what is the order of arising structures starting with chromosomes?

A

chromosomes, genes, proteins, enzymes

72
Q

A chain of amino acids forms a:

A

protein

73
Q

where are Proteins are assembled in:

A

endoplasmic reticulum

74
Q

Which of the following is part of the cells’ membranes?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

75
Q

A series of amino acids is called a:

A

polypeptide chain

76
Q

Humans require _______ amino acids for the synthesis of proteins.

A

20

77
Q

Any one neuron may use as many as _____ protein molecules.

A

10,000

78
Q

Golgi bodies package ______ and ship them to other parts of the neuron via ______.

A

proteins; microtubules

79
Q

Golgi bodies essentially act as ______ for neurons.

A

an internal postal service

80
Q

An analogous term for receptor is:

A

keyhole

81
Q

Protein molecules can:

A

A) act as a gate.
B) act as a pump.
C) change shape.

82
Q

Membrane channels are made up of:

A

proteins

83
Q

Some membrane channels can selectively allow in one type of ion (e.g., K+
) but not others. The
ability to restrict the passage of only certain ions largely depends on:

A

the size and shape of the channel.

84
Q

Humans have approximately how many genes?

A

20,000 genes

85
Q

Expressed genetic traits of an individual are referred to as their:

A

phenotype

86
Q

The gene that is most common in a population is called a:

A

wild-type gene

87
Q

The ______ chromosome pair determines our sexual characteristics.

A

twenty-third chromosome pair

88
Q

______ is a term that means having two different alleles for the same trait.

A

heterozygous

89
Q

________, caused by a genetic mutation, can help prevent malaria.

A

Sickle-cell anemia

90
Q

In ______, an allele’s own trait and that of the other allele in the gene pair are expressed
completely.

A

codominance

91
Q

A child who has seizures, blindness, and degenerating motor and mental ability and who dies at an
early age most likely has:

A

Tay-Sachs disease

92
Q

Since the mutation that leads to Tay-Sachs disease is recessive, the probability that a child of two
parents who both carry the recessive Tay-Sachs allele will later develop Tay-Sachs disease is:

A

25%

93
Q

Because the gene that leads to Huntington’s disease is dominant, a child who has one parent with
Huntington’s disease has a _____ chance of developing the disorder

A

50%

94
Q

Huntington’s chorea leads to the death of cells in the:

A

basal ganglia and cortex.

95
Q

A patient who, previous to death, showed abnormal involuntary movements and loss of memory
most likely suffered from:

A

Huntington’s disease

96
Q

Ashley, a 36-year-old female, has recently had trouble controlling the movement of her arms. For
example, sometimes her arms will flail about as if they are reaching for something even though she
does not want them to. She has also started having memory problems and changes in her
personality. Her father had similar symptoms in his thirties but died before he turned 40. You tell
Ashley to go to the doctor because she might have:

A

Huntington’s disease

97
Q

Down syndrome is caused by (an) extra ______ chromosome(s).

A

twenty-first

98
Q

Characteristic facial features, short stature, heart defects, and mental retardation are signs of:

A

Down syndrome.

99
Q

The simplest way to select for specific genetic traits in animals (e.g., dogs) is through the use of:

A

selective breeding

100
Q

One genetic technique that could be used to produce new tissue or organs for transplant to the
original genetic donor is:

A

cloning

101
Q

Transgenic animals are:

A

produced by adding a gene to the genome.

102
Q

If you are interested in testing the role that a specific gene plays in a disorder, you can eliminate the
gene and observe the effects using:

A

knockout technology

103
Q

If you want to study the role of a specific gene on a particular behavior, you could take the gene
from one species and insert it into the genome of another species. This is referred to as:

A

knock-in technology

104
Q

Chimeric animals are the result of:

A

combining the genes from two different species

105
Q

The notion that two individuals with the exact same genes could end up developing differently is
explained by:

A

phenotypic plasticity

106
Q

______ is the study of how the environment can influence the expression of different genes.

A

epigenetics

107
Q

how epigenetic mechanisms can influence the

expression of a particular gene?

A

B) histone modification
C) DNA modification
D) mRNA modification

108
Q

what can epigenetic mechanisms not influence the

expression of a particular gene?

A

ribosome modification

NEUROSCIENCE (4 decks)

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