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Principles of Biology I > Chapter 7 - How Cells Harvest Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - How Cells Harvest Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

proton

A

Positively-charged particle of an atom - H+

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2
Q

NAD+

A
  • nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide
  • one of the most important electron (e-) acceptor/carriers
  • a cofactor that accepts a pair of e- and a proton (H) to create NADH
  • composed of two nucleotides bound together by the phosphates
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3
Q

NADH

A
  • NAD+ that has accepted 2 e- and one proton

* Reaction is reversible: can release 2 e- and 1 proton to become NAD+ again

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4
Q

FADH2

A
  • FAD that has accepted 2 e-

* Bound to its enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane, so only releases e- to the electron transport chain.

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5
Q

G-3-P

A
  • Step 4/5 product in glycolysis.
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6
Q

Krebs Cycle (summary description and location)

A
  • 9-step process to reduce the acetyl group from Pyruvate Oxidation
  • Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
  • Otherwise known as the citric acid cycle
  • When the cell’s ATP concentration is high, the process shuts down and acetyl-CoA is channeled into fat synthesis.
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7
Q

Glycolysis (definition/description)

A
  • The break-down of glucose in a cell for metabolism
  • E- of C-H bonds are stripped off in a series of reactions (including the Krebs cycle)
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm
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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

Material inside a cell, not including the nucleus.

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9
Q

oxaloacetate

A
  • “Feeder” molecule (4-carbon) that reacts with acetyl-CoA to start the Krebs Cycle
  • Also the Step 9 product of the Krebs Cycle
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10
Q

alpha-ketoglutarate

A

Step 4 product of the Krebs Cycle, a 5-carbon molecule

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11
Q

acetyl-CoA

A
  • The end product of Pyruvate Oxidation
  • Feeds the Krebs Cycle
  • consists of 2 carbons from pyruvate attached to coenzyme A
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12
Q

citric acid

A
  • Step 1 product of the Krebs Cycle, a 6-carbon molecule
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13
Q

electron transport system

A
  • Series of e- carriers to store energy from oxidation reactions
  • Located in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
  • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred from complex to complex, with some e- energy lost at each transfer, used to pump H+ out of matrix to inter-membrane space.
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14
Q

fumarate

A

Step 7 product of the Krebs Cycle, a 4-carbon molecule

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15
Q

malate

A

Step 8 product of the Krebs Cycle, a 4-carbon molecule

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16
Q

succinate

A

Step 6 product of the Krebs Cycle, a 4-carbon molecule

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17
Q

succinyl-CoA

A

Step 5 product of the Krebs Cycle, a 4-carbon molecule

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18
Q

isocitrate

A

Step 2/3 product of the Krebs Cycle, a 6-carbon molecule

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19
Q

aerobic

A

involving oxygen (final electron acceptor is O)

20
Q

anaerobic

A

not involving oxygen (final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O)

21
Q

pyruvate

A
  • Step 10 product of glycolysis.
  • The further fate of pyruvate depends on oxygen availability:
    • When oxygen is present, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle
    • Without oxygen, pyruvate is reduced in order to oxidize NADH back to NAD+
22
Q

glucose 6-phosphate

A
  • Step 1 product of glycolysis

glucose has gained a phosphate from ATP

23
Q

fructose 6-phosphate

A
  • Step 2 product of glycolysis

glucose 6-phosphate has been reorganized

24
Q

citric acid cycle

A

Also known as the Krebs Cycle

25
Q

fructose 1,6-biphosphate

A
  • Step 3 product of glycolysis
26
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A
  • The creation of ATP from ADP by transferring a phosphate group from another molecule
    (Endergonic, enzyme-facilitated reaction where PEP and ADP bind to an enzyme’s active sites and a phosphate group is transferred from PEP to ADP.)
27
Q

ATP synthase

A
  • An enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (a second method to substrate-level - energy to transfer the phosphate comes from a proton gradient).
  • A membrane-bound enzyme that uses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi
28
Q

cellular respiration

A

The process by which energy is harvested through the oxidation of organic compounds, extracting energy from the chemical bonds.

29
Q

The final e- acceptor in aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen

30
Q

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate (BPG)

A
  • Step 6 product of glycolysis.
31
Q

3-Phosphoglycerate (3PG)

A
  • Step 7 product of glycolysis.
32
Q

2-Phosphoglycerate (2PG)

A
  • Step 8 product of glycolysis.
33
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

A
  • Step 9 product of glycolysis.
34
Q

Glycolysis Steps

A
  • Step 1: Phosphate group added to glucose by ATP (to ADP). Produces Glucose 6-phosphate
  • Step 2: Rearrange Glucose 6-phosphate into Fructose 6-phosphate. Produces Fructose 6-phosphate
  • Step 3: Phosphate group added to Fructose 6-phosphate by ATP (to ADP). Produces Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  • Step 4/5: Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is split into two 3-carbon molecules. Produces one G3P and one that is converted into G3P in a second reaction.
  • Step 6: Two G3P molecules are each oxidized by NAD+ and a P-group added. Produces 2 NADH and 2 BPG.
  • Step 7: One phosphate group removed from each BPG by ADP. Produces two ATP and two 3PG.
  • Step 8: Two 3PG molecules rearranged into two 2PG.
  • Step 9: Dehydration reaction on two molecules of 2PG. Produces 2 molecules of water and two PEP.
  • Step 10: One phosphate group removed from each of two molecules of PEP by ADP. Produces two ATP and two Pyruvate.
35
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Chemical process to add a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

36
Q

Glycolysis: summary of 1st 5 reactions and 2nd 5 reations

A
  • 1st 5: Convert a molecule of glucose into two molecules of G3P.
  • 2nd 5: Convert two molecules of G3P into two molecules of pyruvate.
37
Q

Krebs Cycle output

A
  • 2 CO2
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 NADH (3 pairs of e-)
  • 1 FADH2 (1 pair of e-)
38
Q

Krebs Cycle steps

A
  • Step 1: (Condensation) Oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl-CoA to produce citrate.
  • Steps 2/3: (Isomerization) 2-step process to rearrange citrate into an isomer isocitrate.
  • Step 4: (1st Oxidation) Isocitrate is oxidized, producing alpha-ketoglutarate, one CO2, and one NADH.
  • Step 5: (2nd Oxidation) alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized, producing succinyl-CoA, one CO2, and one NADH.
  • Step 6: (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) Succinyl-CoA is cleaved into two molecules and the energy released bonds a phosphate to GDP, which releases it to ADP, producing succinate and one ATP.
  • Step 7 (3rd Oxidation) Succinate is oxidized, producing fumarate and one FADH2.
  • Step 8/9 (Regeneration of Oxaloacetate) Fumarate accepts a water molecule, turning into malate, which is then oxidized, producing oxaloacetate one NADH.
39
Q

fermentation

A
  • Occurs when oxygen is not available
  • ATP must be produced by glycolysis
  • Final electron acceptor is an organic molecule
40
Q

Reduces organic molecules in order to regenerate NAD+

A

fermentation

41
Q

ethanol fermentation

A
  • occurs in yeast

* CO2, ethanol, and NAD+ are produced

42
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A
  • occurs in animal cells (especially muscles)

* electrons are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce lactic acid

43
Q

matrix

A

The inner-mitochondrial space, inside the inner membrane.

44
Q

cristae

A

The folds of the inner membrane layer of the mitochondrion, creating many layers.

45
Q

lactate

A

Ionized form of lactic acid

46
Q

alcohol

A

A reduced organic compound through fermentation.

Principles of Biology I (11 decks)

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