Chapter 4 - Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

ribosomes (function, composition, and where found)

A
  • Function: The cell’s protein synthesis “machinery”.
  • Composition: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
  • Found: on rough ER, in the cytoplasm, and associated with membranes
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2
Q

plasma membrane

A

A phospholipid bilayer that separates a cell from its surroundings. (Embedded proteins allow it to interact with its surroundings.)

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3
Q

Mathias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

A

Proposed the Cell Theory in 1839

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Discovered the cell in 1665 through a cross-section of a cork.

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5
Q

Cell Theory (as proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839)

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells.
  2. Cells are the smallest living things.
  3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
    (All cells today represent a continuous line of descent from the first living cells.)
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6
Q

nucleus

A
  • stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes
  • surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers
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7
Q

mitochondrion

A
  • The “power house” of the cell - generates ATP.
  • Contains its own DNA.
  • -surrounded by 2 membranes:
    • smooth outer membrane
    • folded inner membrane with layers (called cristae)
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8
Q

lysosome

A
  • The “trash can” of the cell.
  • membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules
  • destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed (by phagocytosis)
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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • The “shipping and receiving” department of the cell.
  • flattened stacks of interconnected membranes
  • packaging and distribution of materials to different parts of the cell
  • synthesis of cell wall components
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10
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (generic function and composition)

A
  • Functions: Synthesize proteins and fats, detoxify foreign substances, store calcium
  • Composition: phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
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11
Q

chromosome

A

Linear structures in the nucleus that store the genetic material of the cell.

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12
Q

chromatin

A

In chromosomes – DNA organized with proteins.

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13
Q

Discovered the cell in 1665

A

Robert Hooke

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14
Q

Proposed the Cell Theory in 1839

A

Mathias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann

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15
Q

The cell’s protein synthesis “machinery”.

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Cell Theory: All cells have certain structures in common

A
  1. genetic material – in a nucleoid or nucleus
  2. cytoplasm – a semifluid matrix
  3. plasma membrane – a phospholipid bilayer
17
Q

A phospholipid bilayer that separates a cell from its surroundings. (Embedded proteins allow it to interact with its surroundings.)

A

Plasma membrane

18
Q
  • stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes
  • surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers
A

Nucleus

19
Q

The “power house” of the cell - generates ATP.

A

Mitochondrion

20
Q

The “trash can” of the cell.

A

Lysosome

21
Q

The “shipping and receiving” department of the cell.

A

Golgi apparatus

22
Q

Synthesizes proteins and fats, detoxifies foreign substances, stores calcium

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (why “rough”, function)

A
  • “Rough” due to embedded ribosomes in the membranes.

* Function: synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane.

24
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (why “smooth”, function)

A
  • “Smooth” due to few embedded ribosomes in the membranes.
  • Functions:
    • synthesis of membrane lipids
    • calcium storage
    • detoxification of foreign substances
25
Q

Linear structures in the nucleus that store the genetic material of the cell.

A

Chromosome

26
Q

In chromosomes – DNA organized with proteins.

A

Chromatin

27
Q

Centriole

A

Barrel-shaped organelles found in the cells of animals and most protists, near the nuclear membrane. (Lacking in plants.)

28
Q

Centrosome

A
  • Microtubule-organizing centers.

* Responsible for the reorganization of microtubules that occurs during cell division.

29
Q

Centromere

A

The point of constriction on the chromosome containing repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins.

30
Q

Chromatid

A

One of two (sister) replicated chromosome strands, held together at their centromeres by cohesion proteins after replication.

31
Q

The point of constriction on the chromosome containing repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins.

A

Centromere

32
Q

One of two (sister) replicated chromosome strands, held together at their centromeres by cohesion proteins after replication.

A

Chromatid

33
Q

Microtubule-organizing centers.

A

Centrosome

34
Q

Barrel-shaped organelles found in the cells of animals and most protists, near the nuclear membrane.

A

Centriole