Chapter 7- Health Status and Health-Care Transitions in an Aging Context Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the medical model. (4)

A
  • Dominated most of 20th century
  • Focuses on causes and treatments of disease with surgery, meds, rehab, and long-term nursing care
  • Perpetuates idea that health is caused by physiological systems
  • Criticized for making people too dependant on health care
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2
Q

Describe the social model (3)

A
  • Builds on medical
  • Views health as having social, psychological, and biological/genetic basis
  • Stresses role of the individual, prevention, continuum of health care
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3
Q

What is the health promotion model? (1)

A

Promotes healthy behaviours by targeting individuals or groups in a community or across society.

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4
Q

What is the population health model? (1)

A

Developed in 1990s in response to growing interest to identifying determinants of health.

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5
Q

How has the older population healthier over time? (2)

A
  • Morbidity compression hypothesis: onset of disease has compressed into shorter periods, health has improved
  • However, there are patterns of increasing chronic conditions
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6
Q

What are the factors associated with morbidity and reaction to illness in later life? (4)

A
  • Personal (adaptation to stress and pain and coping strategies)
  • Social (availability of a support system)
  • Structural
  • Cultural
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7
Q

Define multimorbidity and its interlocking domains in the Lifecourse Model of Multimorbidity Resilience. (2)

A
  • Mortimorbidity: facing more than one chronic condition

- Functional, social, psychological

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8
Q

Describe the self-perceptions of health and self efficacy (2)

A
  • Majority say that it is good to excellent, but tend to overestimate
  • Self efficacy: perceived that one can accomplish a behavioural change or adopt a new behaviour (necessary to making a shift in behaviour)
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9
Q

Describe gender, sexual orientation, identity, health, and aging. (3)

A
  • Women live longer, but they experience more years with disability, non-fatal chronic diseases, stress/anxiety, and more frequent users of health care services and facilities
  • Gender differences partly reflect women living longer and their cumulative SES disadvantages
  • Discrimination and inequalities are key challenges to aging among LGBTQ+
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10
Q

What is the relationship of ethnicity to health and aging? (3)

A
  • Immigrants are healthier and live longer
  • The longer immigrants live in Canada, the more their health resembles the population
  • Immigrants fare worse in accessing health-care (language, health-literacy barriers
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11
Q

Describe rural and remote living (2)

A
  • Farther from urban centre, poorer the health
  • Insufficient and inefficient health from fragmentation of services, closing of small hospitals, difficulty attracting and keeping health workers, and restructuring and regionalization of health services
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12
Q

Explain self-care. (2)

A
  • Seeking health information, examining oneself for disease symptoms, treating oneself for minor ailments with rest, and over-the-counter medication
  • Demonstrates independence, empowerment, lower cost of health care, and improved quality of life
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13
Q

Explain nutrition weight, and obesity. (2)

A
  • Current level of public pensions are not high enough for a nutritional diet
  • Obesity is a result of lifelong of overeating and physical inactivity, associated with chronic illnesses (diabetes, heart disease, arthritis)
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14
Q

Explain physical activity. (2)

A
  • Reduces risk of diseases, disability. Increases quality of life and longevity.
  • Inactivity more pronounced with women, less, educated, lower incomes, rural areas, and manual occupations
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15
Q

Explain smoking.

A
  • Tend to have lower income and education levels
  • Higher in Quebec
  • Major risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and lung cancer
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16
Q

List the causes of poor oral health. (4)

A
  • Expense of treatment
  • Lack of knowledge
  • Inadequate lifelong dental care
  • Cognitive impairment
17
Q

Explain mental health.

A
  • 20% of adults have a mental-health issue and 8-% are in institutions
  • Women tend to have higher rates
  • Results from disease processes or inability to cope with change-related stress
  • Often not diagnosed or misdiagnosed (not referred to professionals or don’t seek help)
18
Q

Explain delirium (1) and dementia (3)

A
  • Delirium: fluctuation in consciousness, inability to focus, hallucinations, and bizarre behaviour at random moments
  • Dementia: impairs memory, thinking and behaviour; prevalent with women and increases with age; most common is Alzheimer’s (starts with short-term memory loss and slowly destroys cognitive functioning, no simple test to diagnose)
19
Q

Describe suicide in later life. (3)

A
  • Males 85 and older are most at risk
  • Increasing rate as longevity increases
  • Prevention: monitoring those who live alone or suffered losses, social support, regular contact, encourage professional health
20
Q

Explain Canada’s health care system. (4)

A
  • Universal medicare system was established in 1972, based on Medical Care Act of 1968
  • Highly medicalized, bureaucratic, and fragmented, making it difficult to meet changing and complex health-care needs
  • Older people account for 50%+ of patients in acute-care hospitals and 45% of health spending
  • Older people do not misuse system, Canada just spends 15% of public fund for long-term care
21
Q

What is the anti-aging movement? (2)

A
  • Products, treatments, and procedures aimed to reduce/reverse aging process
  • Promotes ageism, is class-based, and requires careful monitoring by gov’t to protect from scammers and side effects of unproven meds and therapies
22
Q

List the barriers to accessing health care. (5)

A
  • Lack of transportation
  • Far from needed services
  • Language and cognitive deficits
  • Part of a vulnerable group
  • Cultural differences