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Biology > Chapter 7- DNA Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 7- DNA Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Chargaffs rule?

A

Purines (A,G) equal the number of Pyrimidines (C,T)

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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

Stores information cells need to create proteins

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3
Q

What was Griffiths experiment?

A

Summary: the hereditary material of harmful Streptococcus pneumoniae cells transformed harmless cells into killers.
1- Mice injected with Live cells of harmless strain R do not die. Live R cells in their blood.
2- Mice injected with Live cells of killing strain S die. Live S cells in their blood.
3- Mice injected with heat killed S cells do not die. No live S cells in the blood.
4- Mice injected with live R cells plus heat- killed S cells die. Live S cells in their blood.

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4
Q

Griffiths experiment summary

What is the “transforming principle”?

A

In this experiment we know that the transforming principle is the DNA of the S strain bacteria. While the bacteria had been killed, the DNA survived the heating process and was taken up by the R stain bacteria.

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5
Q

Who discovered the shape of DNA?

A

Francis Crick and James Watson used model building and all knowledge of DNA in combination with Rosalind Franklins X-ray imaging to determine the helical shape.it also showed that the strands are anti parallel.

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6
Q

What did Watson and Crick suggest about DNA?

A

Nucleotide bases are in the interior of the two strands, with the sugar phosphate backbone on the outside.

A Purine on one strand is paired with a pyrimidine on the other

These base pairs have the same with down the helix

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7
Q

1950- Erwin Chargaff found:

A

Amount of A = amount of T

Amount of C = amount of G

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8
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleic acid monomer consisting of a five carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogen containing bases

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9
Q

Which nitrogenous base is Purine? Pyrimadine?

A

Purines: T and C (single ring)

Pyrimidine: A and G (double ring)

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10
Q

What type of bond connects complimentary bases to create a double helix?

A

A hydrogen bond

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11
Q

What determines the prime direction of the strands?

A

The top of the sugar molecule points up like a house, the 3’ starts at the bottom and goes upwards towards 5’

The anti parallel strand will have the sugar molecule pointing down, the 3’ will start at the top and go downwards to 5’.

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12
Q

How many bonds are formed between complimentary base pairs? Why do A and C never connect?

A

Two hydrogen bonds are formed between G and C

Three hydrogen bonds are formed between A and T.

A and C never connect because they form unequal bonds between each other.

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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein. It occurs in two stages, transcription and translation

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14
Q

What is a brief difference between Transcription and Translation?

A

Transcription produces an RNA molecule that is complementary to DNA.

In translation, the information in RNA is used to make a protein

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15
Q

What is the difference between the sugar molecule in DNA and RNA?

A

The sugar molecule in DNA has a hydrogen on the lower right corner

The sugar molecule for RNA has an OH (oxygen hydrogen) on the lower right corner

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16
Q

What is the difference in functions between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA – stores RNA and proteins and coding information. Transfers information to next generation of cells.

RNA - carries proteins and coding information. Helps to make proteins, catalyzes some reactions

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17
Q

What are the three types of RNA produced? What are they used for?

A
  • messenger RNA
  • ribosomal RNA
  • transfer RNA

mRNA: contains info transcribed from DNA
rRNA: where polypeptide chains are built
tRNA: delivers amino acids to ribosomes

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18
Q

What is a promoter?

A

A regulatory region of DNA prior to the beginning of a gene that contain specific nucleotide sequence that are recognized by specific proteins known at transcription factors

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19
Q

What are the three steps in transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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20
Q

Which strand of DNA does the RNA copy?

A

The template strand

21
Q

What is the promoter used for?

Which stage is this used in?

A

RNA polymerase Binds to the promoter, which is the beginning of the gene.
This is used in the initiation stage.

22
Q

What is used to unzip the gene in the initiation stage?

A

Enzymes

23
Q

What occurs in the elongation stage?

A

RNA polymerase Movies along the template strand, making an RNA copy complimentary to the DNA template strand

24
Q

What is the prime organization when RNA is created?

A

When the RNA is being created, the strand is anti-parallel to the strand of DNA.
Polymerase reads the DNA from 3’ to 5’ and creates the RNA 5’ to 3’

25
Q

What occurs during the termination phase?

A

RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, which is the end of the gene.

The terminator is similar to the promoter.
RNA, DNA, and RNA polymerase superstate. The DNA becomes a double helix again.

26
Q

Where is RNA processed?

A

The Nucleus

27
Q

What is the whole process of transcription?

A

Transcription occurs inside the nucleus. RNA is created. A cap and poly A tail are added to the RNA. This creates a pre-M RNA. The introns are removed, and create a mature mRNA. The RNA then leaves the nucleus.

28
Q

What do transfer RNAs do? (tRNA)

A

tRNA has an anti-codon complementary to an mRNA codon. It has a binding site for the amino acid specified by that codon. Transfer RNAs deliver amino acids to ribosomes

29
Q

What to rRNAs do?

A

Assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.

30
Q

What do mRNAs do?

A

It carries protein building Information. The bases in mRNA are read in sets of three during protein synthesis. Most bass triplets (codons) code for amino acids. The genetic code consists of all 64 codons

31
Q

What does translation do?

A

Translation converts genetic information carried by an mRNA into a new polypeptide chain

32
Q

List the steps of the process from DNA through transcription, translation resulting in a protein?

A 
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Translation
Protein
33
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

tRNA molecules translate the genetic code

Anticodon (bonds to codon on mRNA)

Amino acid attaches to amino acid binding site

34
Q

Translation also occurs in three steps what are they?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

35
Q

What occurs in the initiation phase of translation?

A

Small ribosomal subunits binds to mRNA, large ribosomal subunits binds. First tRNA molecule bonds.
tRNA complementary base pairs to mRNA
tRNA already carries an amino acid

36
Q

What occurs in the elongation phase of translation?

A

The second tRNA enters the ribosome next to the first tRNA
Amino acids covalently bond
The first tRNA leaves
The ribosome moves to the right and the third tRNA comes in
The amino acids remain bonded together.
This process continues in the protein grows

37
Q

What Occurs in the termination phase of translation?

A

The ribosome reaches the stop codon
A release factor binds
The polypeptide detaches from the mRNA and folds into a functional protein

38
Q

Why is translation efficient?

A

It is efficient when multiple ribosomes attached to an mRNA molecule simultaneously

39
Q

What is an operon? Used for protein synthesis in prokaryotes

A

Groups of genes that are always transcribe together. Genes in prokaryotes are organized into operons

40
Q

What is a promoter? what is an operator?

A

A promoter is a regulatory region of DNA prior to the beginning of a gene that contain specific nucleotide sequence that are recognized by specific proteins known as transcription factors

And operator is a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate transcription

Both of these things control Gene expression

41
Q

When lactose is absent in prokaryotes, what occurs?

A

Lactose digesting enzymes are not needed. A repressor protein blocks transcription

42
Q

What occurs when lactose is present in prokaryotes?

A

The repressor proteins binds to lactose, changes shape, and releases the operator. Protein synthesis of lactose digesting enzyme occurs. Transcription and translation occurred to create proteins

43
Q

What is splicing?

A

Spicing is the act removing introns to create mature mRNA

44
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

They are proteins that bind to nucleotide sequence is called enhancers. A TATA binding protein binds to the promoter

45
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Some mRNA maybe degraded before translated into proteins. Other mRNA may be silenced by micro RNA, short sequence of nucleotides that binds to the mRNA and prevent translation

46
Q

What must happen to proteins before they are functional?

A

Proteins must be properly fold it before they are functional

47
Q

What is a mutation?

A

And you Tatian is a change in the cells DNA sequence. They come in several varieties.

48
Q

What do mutations create?

A

Mutations can create different versions of alleles, which are alternative versions of the same

49
Q

What are the three categories of Mutations?

A

Harmful
Beneficial
Neutral

Biology (5 decks)

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