Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Boies > Chapter 7: Diseases of the Inner Ear > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Diseases of the Inner Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Symptoms of inner ear disease

A
  1. Hearing loss
  2. Tinnitus
  3. Disequilibrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Abnormal ringing noise in the ear

Associated most frequently with sensorineural hearing loss

A

Tinnitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anatomic sources for tinnitus

A
  1. Vascular problems (aberrant vessels)

2. Middle ear tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Loss of consciousness or has the sensation that he is about to faint during any attacks of dizziness

A

Nonvestibular etiology of dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Creates a sensation of whirling or spinning, either of the patient or the environment

A

Vestibular dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In more chronic cases and in bilateral cases of peripheral dizziness, patients may experience only a…

A

Drunken feeling or a feeling of severe unsteadiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characterized by nausea, spinning sensations, and blurry vision

A

Dizziness caused by vestibular disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Central dizziness

A

Onset: variable
Nature: unsteady (swimming), lightheaded
Duration: constant, varying
Fatigable: rarely
Visual effects: closing eyes does not alter
Visual symptoms: double vision, blind spot
Auditory symptoms: no
Headaches: yes
Systemic effects: none
ENG results: abnormal saccades; difficulty following a target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peripheral dizziness

A

Onset: sudden
Nature: spinning, turning
Duration: episodic, motion-related, <2-3 days
Fatigable: yes
Visual effects: closing eyes makes symptoms worse
Visual symptoms: blurry vision
Auditory symptoms: yes
Headaches: no (but aural fullness)
Systemic effects: nausea, vomiting
ENG results; decreased unilateral caloric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Requires visual tracking, rapid deviation of eye movement and caloric testing

A

Electronystagmography (ENG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hereditary hearing loss

A
  1. Diabetes
  2. Hyperlipidemia
  3. Otosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Total lack of development of the inner ear

Autosomal dominant

A

Michel’s deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Partial aplasia of the bony as well as membranous labyrinth

A

Mondini’s deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Flattened cochlea with development only of the basal turn so that instead of 2 1/2 turns there are only 1 1/2 turns, while the middle and apical turns occupy a common space
Osseous vestibular labyrinth may also be malformed

A

Mondini’s deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cause of hearing loss in Mondini’s deafness

A

Dysgenesis of the organ of Corti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Type of aplasia, in which the bony labyrinth is fully developed but the pars inferior (saccule and cochlear duct) is represented by mounds of undifferentiated cells

A

Scheibe’s deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most common of all inherited congenital deafness

Autosomal recessive

A

Scheibe’s deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most severely affected in Scheibe’s deafness resulting in a high frequency hearing loss

A

Organ of Corti and adjacent ganglion cells of the basal coil of the cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Features of Waardenburg’s deafness

A
  1. Lateral displacement of the medial canthi and lacrimal points
  2. Flat nasal root
  3. Hyperplasia of the eyebrow
  4. Partial or total heterochromia of the irides
  5. Partial albinism in the form of a white forelock
  6. Congenital deafness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

May be autosomal dominant, recessive or sex-linked

May be bilateral and severe deafness

A

Albinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. Congenital male dystrophy
  2. Congenital sensorineural deafness
  3. Small, short fingernails and toenails and severe high-frequency deafness
A

Onychodystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Abnormal iodine metabolism–>thyroid enlargement

2. Severe hearing loss

A

Pendred’s disease (nonendemic goiter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. Prolongation of the Q-T interval
  2. Stokes-Adams attacks
  3. Congenital bilateral severe hearing loss
A

Jervell’s disease (Jervell and Lange-Nielsen disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  1. Progressive retinitis pigmentosa

2. Congenital severe to moderate sensorineural hearing loss

A

Usher’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  1. Low-set ears
  2. Undifferentiated pinnae
  3. Absence of EAC or middle ear
  4. Cleft lip/palate
  5. Micropthalmia
  6. Coloboma irides
  7. Aplasia of optic nerve
A

Trisomy 13-15 (D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  1. Low-set ears
  2. Malformed pinnae
  3. Micrognathia
  4. Flexion of the index finger over the 3rd finger
  5. Prominent occiput
A

Trisomy 18 (E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Most common causes of nongenetic congenital deafness

A

Rubella (German measles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The probability that the child will suffer some degree of sensorineural hearing loss

A

1st 3 months of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pathologic exam in child infected with rubella

A

Aplasia of the organ of Corti and saccule (pars inferior)

Pars superior is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Kernicterus in the newborn may result from Rh blood incompatibility of the patents

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  1. Deposition of bilirubin in the CNS
  2. Jaundice
  3. Mental retardation
  4. Cerebral palsy
  5. Deafness
A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Postpartum exchange transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Thyroid disease may be associated with deafness (mixed)

A

Cretinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Nongenetic deafness occuring alone

A
  1. Premature birth
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Prolonged labor
  4. Mother received ototoxic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  1. Bilateral

2. Flat or basin-shaped sensorineural configuration on the audiogram with fairly good discrimination

A

Genetic progressive deafness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  1. Autosomal dominant
  2. Primarily a conductive hearing loss
  3. May be associated with a progressive sensorineural hearing loss
A

Otosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  1. Progressive renal disease
  2. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss (increases as renal malfunction worsens, bilateral, symmetric, greater in the high frequency)
A

Alport’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  1. Localized form of neurofibromatosis
  2. Bilateral acoustic tumors
  3. Hyperpigmented spots on the skin
A

Von Recklinghausen’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q
  1. Skeletal deformity
  2. Dwarfism
  3. Mental retardation
  4. Enlargement of the spleen and liver
  5. Blindness
  6. Profound sensorineural hearing loss
A

Hurler’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
  1. Fusion of the cervical vertebrae
  2. Spina bifida
  3. Scoliosis
  4. Torticolis
  5. Vestibular dysfunction
  6. Profound sensorineural deafness
A

Klippel-Feil syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q
  1. Retinitis pigmentosa
  2. Ichthyosis
  3. Polyneuropathy
  4. Ataxia
  5. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss
A

Refsum’s disease

42
Q
  1. Retinitis pigmentosa
  2. Diabetes mellitus
  3. Obesity
  4. Progressive deafness
A

Alstrom’s disease

43
Q

Skeletal deformities of the skull and long bones of the legs

A

Paget’s disease (Osteitis deformans)

44
Q
  1. Mental deficiency
  2. Ataxia
  3. Hypogonadism
  4. Severe deafness
A

Richards-Rundle syndrome

45
Q
  1. Premature synostosis of the cranial suture
  2. Exophthalmos
  3. Parrot or hook nose
  4. Short upper lip and protruding lower lip
  5. Atresia of the auditory meatus
  6. Mixed hearing loss
A

Crouzon’s disease (Craniofacial dysostosis)

46
Q

Leading cause of unilateral acquired hearing loss

A

Mumps

47
Q

Leading cause of bilateral hearing loss

A

Measles

48
Q

Major cause of hearing loss in children
Bilateral
Occurs in patients who are comatose for some period of time
Not be aborted even with appropriate antibiotic therapy

A

Meningitis

49
Q

Considered as a cause for acquired sensorineural hearing loss
Fluctuating unilateral or bilateral hearing loss with changes in balance

A

Congenital syphilis

50
Q

Infectious process involving the middle layer of the TM

Painful process associated with high-tone sensorineural hearing loss

A

Bullous myringitis

51
Q

When using any ototoxic agent:

A
  1. Get baseline hearing levels
  2. Test for balance
  3. Warn the patient of the potential toxicity
52
Q

Ototoxic agents (antibiotics)

A 
Streptomycin
Dihydrostreptomycin
Neomycin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Amikacin
Vancomycin
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
Ristocetin
Polymyxin B
Viomycin
Pharmacetin
Colistin
53
Q

Ototoxic agents (diuretics)

A 
Furosemide
Ethacrynic acid
Bumetanide
Acetazolamide
Mannitol
54
Q

Ototoxic agents (analgesics and antipyretics)

A

Salicylates (reversible)
Quinine
Chloroquine

55
Q

Ototoxic drugs (antineoplastics)

A

Bleomycin
Nitrogen mustard
cis-Platinum

56
Q

Ototoxic agents (miscellaneous)

A

Pentobarbital
Hexadine
Mandelamine
Practolol

57
Q

Ototoxic agents (chemicals)

A 
Carbon monoxide
Oil of chenopodium
Nicotine
Aniline dyes
Alcohol
Potassium bromate
58
Q

Ototoxic agents (heavy metals)

A

Mercury
Gold
Lead
Arsenic

59
Q

Most common inner ear tumor causing hearing loss

A

Acoustic neuroma

60
Q

Benign tumors of the Schwann cells covering the 8th nerve

A

Acoustic neuroma

61
Q

Other causes of hearing loss by tumors in the internal auditory canal

A
  1. 7th nerve neuromas
  2. Meningioma
  3. Hemangioma
  4. Aberrant vessels
62
Q

Causes all cases of bilateral acoustic neuromas

A

Von Recklinghausen’s disease

63
Q

Course of an acoustic neuroma

A

Patient develops a unilateral sensorineural hearing loss

Mild at 1st but as the tumor continues to grow, it slowly crushes the nerves of the internal auditory canal

64
Q

Any unilateral or asymmetric hearing loss is an…

A

Acoustic neuroma until proved otherwise

65
Q

Requires further work-up with ABR, CT or MRI

A

Any asymmetric hearing loss

66
Q

Acoustic tumors may be removed surgically by 3 major routes

A
  1. Middle fossa
  2. Posterior fossa
  3. Across the labyrinth
67
Q

Trauma to the inner ear can be divided into 2 primary forms

A
  1. Acoustic energy

2. Mechanical energy

68
Q

Is made of some of the densest bone in the human body

A

Temporal bone

69
Q

Temporal bone fractures are possible

A

Mechanical trauma to the temporal bone

70
Q

Temporal bone fracture causes

A

Loss of consciousness
Subdural or epidural hematoma
Concussion

71
Q

Temporal bone fractures are divided into 2 general groups

A
  1. Longitudinal (80%)

2. Transverse (20%)

72
Q
  1. Begin at the foramen magnum
  2. Travel out to the EAC
  3. Ear usually bleeds
  4. Conductive hearing loss
A

Longitudinal fractures

73
Q
  1. Account for high proportion of injuries to the labyrinth and facial nerve
  2. Fracture line travels through the petrous apex or the labyrinth
A

Transverse fractures

74
Q

Can be less severe, causing a concussion phenomenon with recovery of balance and hearing, or more severe, with total loss of hearing

A

Labyrinthine injuries

75
Q

Cause a concussion wave that does more damage to the middle ear
High-tone sensorineural hearing loss

A

Blast injuries

76
Q

Loss of hearing over time due to the aging mechanism in the inner ear

A

Presbycusis

77
Q

4 pathologic types of presbycusis classified by Schuknecht

A
  1. Sensory presbycusis
  2. Neuropresbycusis
  3. Strial presbycusis
  4. Cochlear-conductive hearing loss
78
Q
  1. Hair loss on the basal turn of the cochlea

2. High-tone hearing loss

A

Sensory presbycusis

79
Q
  1. Primary loss of cochlear neurons with relative preservation of the hair cells
  2. Greater loss of word discrimination
  3. Gradual loss of hair cells over time
A

Neuropresbycusis

80
Q
  1. Excellent word discrimination
  2. Moderate to severe hearing loss
  3. Stria vascularis appears to degenerate and shrink
A

Strial presbycusis

81
Q
  1. Normal neuronal and hair cell population without damage to the stria vascularis
  2. Hearing loss that is thought to be related to a limitation of movement in the basilar membrane
A

Cochlear-conductive hearing loss

82
Q
  1. Swelling of the endolymphatic space

2. Fluctuation in hearing loss with a low-tone tinnitus

A

Meniere’s disease

83
Q

Is thought to be caused by thromboembolic or immune events

A

Idiopathic sudden hearing loss

84
Q

Balance depends upon 4 separate and interdependent systems

A
  1. Vestibular system
  2. Proprioceptive
  3. Visual
  4. Brain stem and cerebellum
85
Q

Nonvestibular causes of dizziness

A
  1. Hyperventilation
  2. Hypoglycemia
  3. Vascular causes
  4. Cervical vertigo
86
Q
  1. One of the more common causes of nonvestibular dizziness
  2. Lightheadedness and paresthesia in the distal extremities occur with rapid ventilation
  3. Circumoral area is prone to sensation of paresthesia
  4. Associated with hysterical types of personalities
A

Hyperventilation

87
Q
  1. Transient reduction in blood glucose
  2. Accompanied by nausea and vomiting
  3. Symptoms of unsteadiness and lightheadedness and severe sweating and pallor
A

Hypoglycemia

88
Q

Most common form of vascular cause of dizziness

A

Migraine

89
Q
  1. Certain position of the head causes attacks of transient dizziness
  2. Accompanied by nystagmus that fatigues on repeated testing
  3. 1st attack is usually the most severe and repeated attacks become less severe
  4. Calcified cupula
A

Benign position vertigo (cupulolithiasis)

90
Q

Treatment of BPPV

A

Symptomatic relief

Reassurance that the process resolves spontaneously

91
Q
  1. Severe dizziness with intractable vomiting, nausea and inability to stand or walk
  2. No change in hearing
A

Vestibular neuritis

92
Q

Inflammatory process involving the inner ear mechanism

A

Labyrinthitis

93
Q

Caused by an infection of nearby structures, whether it be the middle ear or the meninges

A

Acute toxic labyrinthitis

94
Q
  1. Resolves with some loss of hearing and vestibular function
  2. Caused by toxic products from an infection
A

Toxic labyrinthitis

95
Q

Occurs with an acute bacterial infection that extends into the structures of the inner ear

A

Acute suppurative labyrinthitis

96
Q
  1. Caused by swelling of the endolymphatic compartment
  2. Reissner’s membrane ruptures, mixing endolymph and perilymph
  3. Temporary hearing loss that resolves when the membrane reseals and the the chemical composition of the endolymph and perilyphm returns to normal
  4. Low-tone sensorineural hearing loss followed by symptom of low-pitched tinnitus
  5. Aural fullness and acutely vertiginous
A

Meniere’s disease

97
Q

Treatment of Meniere’s disease

A
  1. Limitation of salt in the diet
  2. Diuretic
  3. Symptomatic treatment: vestibular suppressants
  4. Medical failure: surgery-improving the flow of endolymph
98
Q

Disruption of the round or oval window membrane, allowing perilymph to leak into the middle ear space

A

Perilymph fistula

99
Q

Management of Perilymph fistula

A

Sealing a leak with fat grafts

100
Q

Severe and persistent cases of vestibular vertigo can be treated with vestibular nerve sections through

A
  1. Nerve can be sectioned through the middle fossa (limited to patients under 60 years of age in good health and those willing to accept a half-head shave)
  2. Posterior fossa, a suboccipital craniectomy is performed and the nerve is identified in the internal auditory canal ( carries some risk to the facial nerve as well as the cochlear nerve)
  3. Translabyrinthine, removal or destruction of the entire vestibular system (high degree of success, all patients will lose hearing in the affected ear)

Boies (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions