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Boies > Chapter 2: Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Develop from the branchial apparatus

A

External and middle ear

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2
Q

Develop from the otic placode

A

Inner ear

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3
Q

External canal

A

1/2 cartilaginous

2/3 bony

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4
Q

Derived from the ectodermal 1st branchial cleft

A

External ear canal

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5
Q

Represents the closing membrane of the 1st branchial cleft

A

Tympanic membrane

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6
Q

Derived from the margins of the 1st branchial cleft and the 1st and 2nd branchial arches

A

Pinna

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7
Q

The external ear canal actually is closed completely by a meatal plug of tissue but reopens again

A

Factor in some cases of atresia or stenosis

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8
Q

Pinna is supplied by the…

A
  1. Auriculotemporal branch (mandibular nerve)
  2. Lesser occipital (cervical plexus)
  3. Greater auricular nerve (cervical plexus)
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9
Q

Derived from the endodermal 1st branchial cleft

A

Middle ear

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10
Q

Derived from the cartilage of the branchial arches

A

Ossicles

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11
Q

Derived from the cartilage of the 1st branchial arch (Meckel’s cartilage)

A

Malleus

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12
Q

Derived from the cartilage of the 2nd branchial arch (Reichert’s cartilage)

A

Incus and stapes

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13
Q
  1. Derives from the 1st arch
  2. Attaches to the malleus
  3. Supplied by the mandibular nerve (CN V)
A

Tensor tympani

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14
Q

Derivative of 2nd arch

Supplied by a division of the 7th nerve

A

Stapedius muscle

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15
Q

Derived from the muscles of branchial arches

A

Muscles of the middle ear

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16
Q

Located on the lateral surface of the embryo

A

Ectodermal otic placode

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17
Q

Important in the development of the facial, acoustic and vestibular nerves

A

Acousticofacial ganglion

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18
Q

Forms a diverticulum that comes to lie close to the developing neural tube and that will become the endolymphatic duct

A

Auditory vesicle

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19
Q

It constricts forming superior utricle and inferior saccule

A

Otic vesicle

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20
Q

Gives off a spiral cochlear duct

A

Saccule

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21
Q

Semicircular canals forms into a

A

Cristae

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22
Q

Utricle and saccule forms into

A

Maculae

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23
Q

Cochlea forms into

A

Organ of Corti

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24
Q

Contains endolymph

A

Membranous labyrinth

25
Q

Contains the ear

Derived from the 4 separate parts

A

Temporal bone

26
Q

4 separate parts (temporal bone)

A
  1. Bony external ear canal: tympanic ring
  2. Styloid process: 2nd branchial cartilage
  3. Squamous portion: cartilage
  4. Petrous portion: cartilaginous capsule of otic vesicle
27
Q

Not present at birth

Infant’s facial nerve is very superficial

A

Mastoid process

28
Q

An air-containing region in the mastoid bone

A

Aditus to the antrum

29
Q

Composed of cartilage covered by skin

A

External ear

30
Q

Anterior to the external ear canal

A

TMJ and parotid gland

31
Q

Posterior to the ear canal

A

Mastoid process

32
Q

Exits the stylomastoid foramen and passes lateral to the styloid process posteroinferior to the external ear canal and then runs beneath the external ear canal to enter the parotid gland

A

Facial nerve

33
Q

Point of the cone

Directed medially

A

Umbo

34
Q

Conical structure
Round
Part of middle ear cavity

A

TM/eardrum

35
Q

Contains the bodies of the malleus and incus

Extends above the upper limit of the TM

A

Epitympanum

36
Q

Part of the middle ear cavity extending below the TM

A

Hypotympanic

37
Q

Layers of TM

A
  1. Outer epidermal
  2. Middle fibrous: missing above the lateral process of the malleus causes Shrapnell’s membrane to be flaccid
  3. Inner mucosa
38
Q

Air-containing
Can be conceptualized as a box with six sides
Posterior wall is wider than the anterior wall

A

Middle ear

39
Q

The most prominent feature of medial wall of the middle ear

A

Bony promontory covering the 1st turn of the cochlea

40
Q

Connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx
Equalize the air pressure on both sides of the TM
Lateral part: bony
Medial 2/3: cartilaginous

A

Eustachian tube

41
Q

High in potassium

Low in sodium

A

Endolymph

42
Q

High in sodium

Low in potassium

A

Perilymph

43
Q

Portion of membranous and bony labyrinth concerned with balance

A

Vestibular portion (pars superior)

44
Q

Portion of membranous and bony labyrinth concerned of hearing

A

Cochlear portion (pars inferior)

45
Q

Coiled like a snail’s or horn of plenty for 2 1/2 turns

A

Cochlea

46
Q

Axis of the spiral

Contains the nerve bundles and arterial supply from the vertebral artery

A

Modiolus

47
Q

Bony cavity of the cochlea is divided into 3 portions by endolymph-containing 35 mm long cochlear duct

A
  1. Scala vestibuli
  2. Scala media
  3. Scala tympani
48
Q

Contains perilymph

Divided from the cochlear duct by the thin Reissner’s membrane

A

Scala vestibuli

49
Q

Contains perilymph

Divided from the cochlear duct by the osseous spiral lamina and the basilar membrane

A

Scala tympani

50
Q

The perilymph of 2 scalae communicates at the apex of the spiral cochlea past the blind end of the cochlear duct, through a small opening called…

A

Helicotrema

51
Q

Narrow at the base (high tones)

Wide at the apex (low tones)

A

Basilar membrane

52
Q

Contains the essential organelles of the peripheral neural mechanism of hearing
Contains 1 row of inner hair cells (3000) and 3 rows of outer hair cells (12000)

A

Organ of Corti

53
Q

Secreted and supported by a medially placed platform (limbus)

A

Tectorial membrane

54
Q

Made up of saccule, utricle and semicircular canals

A

Vestibular part of the inner ear

55
Q

Both contain a macula that is covered with hair cells

A

Utricle and saccule

56
Q

Heavier density than the endolymph

Pulled on by gravity–>bends the cilia of the hair cells–>stimulates the receptor

A

Otoliths

57
Q

The only vascularized epithelium in the body

A

Stria vascularis

58
Q

Fluid and electrolyte transport system
Maintenance of the electrolyte composition of the endolymph
Act as a 2nd battery for the organ of Corti

A

Stria vascularis

59
Q

Is the source of the scala media direct current potential

Is the unique adaptation to provide nutrients to the organ of Corti while keeping the vascular supply at a distance

A

Stria vascularis

Boies (27 decks)

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