Chapter 7- Digestive System Flashcards
what are the 8 functions of the digestive system?
- ingestion
- mastication
- secretion
- absorption
- elimination of waste
- motility
- hormone release
- chemical digestion
what structures make up the oral cavity?
- lips
- tongue
- teeth
- minor/major salivary glands
- tonsils
what is the oral cavity lined with?
oral mucosa
what are the 3 types of oral mucosa?
- masticatory
- lining
- specialized
matching.
A. gingiva and hard palate
B. soft palate, under tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, lips
C. dorsal surface of tongue
- lining
- masticatory
- specialized
A. 2
B. 1
C. 3
what is the surface epithelium of masticatory mucosa?
keratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous
T/F. superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium do not keep their nucleus.
false; they do keep their nucleus
what are the 2 layers of the lamina propria of the masticatory mucosa?
- papillary
2. reticular
what layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, and some Meissner’s corpuscles?
papillary layer
what kind of the CT does the papillary layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa have? reticular layer?
papillary= thick loose reticular= dense
generally, what is the surface epithelium of lining mucosa?
stratified squamous
what is the surface epithelium of the lips and vermillion zone of the lining mucosa?
keratinized stratified squamous
T/F. the areas of stratified squamous are thicker than the areas of keratinized stratified squamous.
true
what kind of CT does the LP of lining mucosa have? submucosa?
LP= loose submucosa= dense
T/F. both the LP and submucosa of lining mucosa contain blood vessels and nerves.
true
what is the surface epithelium of specialized epithelium?
keratinized stratified squamous on filiform papillae
stratified squamous on all other papillae
what are the 2 general functions of specialized mucosa?
- move food
2. taste
T/F. the tongue is thinner dorsally and thicker and smoother posteriorly.
false; thicker dorsally and thinner and smoother posteriorly
what is the surface epithelium on the tongue?
keratinized stratified squamous on filiform
stratified squamous on fungiform, foliate, vallate
small salivary (von Ebner) glands are associated with what papillae?
vallate
taste buds are located on all papillae except…
filiform
what type of CT is found in the LP of the tongue?
loose and possibly some adipose
what type of salivary glands are located in the submucosa of the tongue?
lingual
T/F. the intrinsic tongue muscles do not have external attachment.
true
name the four alternating muscles within the tongue from top to bottom.
- superior longitudinal
- vertical … alternating with
- transverse
- inferior longitudinal
name the layers of the developing tooth from outside to inside.
- ameloblasts
- enamel
- dentin
- predentin
- odontoblasts
- dental papilla (pulp)
what type of cells are ameloblasts?
polarized columnar cells
what layer of the developing tooth produces enamel?
ameloblasts
what layer of the developing tooth is the hardest substance in the body?
enamel
T/F. you can make more enamel after tooth eruption.
false; you cannot make more
dentin is harder than bone and contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves and cell processes of
A. ameloblasts
B. odontoblasts
B. odontoblasts
T/F. predentin produces dentin.
false; predentin is the precursor to dentin before mineralization
if predentin does not produce dentin, what does?
odontoblasts
what are the 3 functions of odontoblasts?
- repair dentin
- produce dentin
- maintain dentin
name the 3 salivary glands.
- parotid
- submadibular
- sublingual
matching
- largest salivary gland
- smallest salivary gland
- most affected by mumps
- mixed gland- mostly mucus some serous
- 100% serous producing
- mixed gland- mostly serous some mucus
- 30% of total salivary output
- 5% of total salivary output
- 60% of total salivary output
- has serous demilunes
- produces salivary (alpha) amylase, lysozyme, and sec. IgA
A. parotid
B. submandibular
C. sublingual
- A- parotid
- C- sublingual
- A- parotid
- C- sublingual
- A- parotid
- B- submandibular
- A- parotid
- C- sublingual
- B- sunmandibular
- B- submandibular
- A- parotid
what are 6 functions for saliva?
- lubricating and cleansing
- antibacterial
- dissolving food
- initiate digestion
- aid swallowing
- wound healing
parasympathetic impulses will (increase/decrease) the amount of water secretion from salivary glands.
increase
sympathetic impulses will result in a (increased/decreased) amount of saliva with a thicker consistency.
decreased
what type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae within the mucosa of the digestive luminal wall?
smooth muscle
what plexus is in the submucosa of the digestive luminal wall? what is the function?
submucosal (Meissner) plexus
FXN: influence mucosa
what plexus is in the muscularis externa of the digestive luminal wall? what is the function?
myenteric (Auerbach) plexus
FXN: influence muscularis externa
what is the function of the esophagus?
transfer bolus to stomach from oropharynx
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus?
stratified squamous
what cells are found in the mucosa of the esophagus?
Langerhans cells
what glands will you find in the LP of the esophagus? what is the function?
Esophageal Cardiac Glands
FXN: produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium
what glands will you find in the submucosa of the esophagus? what is the function?
Esophageal Glands (Proper) FXN: produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food
T/F. sympathetic stimulation will stimulate peristalsis and contract sphincters and control blood flow to the gut.
false; inhibit peristalsis
parasymp- stim peristalsis, inhibit sphincters and activate secretion
does the muscularis externa of the esophagus have a normal pattern? what is the pattern?
yes- inner circular outer longitudinal
list the type of muscle of the upper, middle, and lower part of the muscularis externa of the esophagus.
upper 1/3- skeletal
middle 1/3- mix of skeletal and smooth
lower 1/3- smooth
what is the main covering of the esophagus?
adventitia
except last 1-2 inches= serosa
what are the two physiological sphincters associated with the esophagus?
pharyngo-esophageal
gastro-esophageal
between the pharyngo-esophageal and gastro-esophageal sphincter, which one is prone to problems? why?
gastro-esophageal
because there is an abrupt change to simple columnar (from stratified squamous)
the lower esophageal sphincter (gastro-esophageal) involved 4 complimentary forces. name them.
- diaphragm contraction
- greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric
- peristalsis
- maintenance of correct anatomical arrangement of structures
what is the cause of esophageal reflux?
stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus
what are 5 contributing factors of esophageal reflux?
- chronic gastritis
- hiatal hernia
- pregnancy
- incompetent sphincter
- subluxations
what disease is described as metaplasia due to a chronic problem causing stratified squamous to be replaced by mucus secreting simple columnar in lower esophagus?
Barrett’s Esophagus
what is the primary function of the stomach?
storage
T/F. rugae are tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface.
false; gastric pits are tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface; 1 pit can lead to more than one gland
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the stomach?
simple columnar
what cells are found in the mucosa of the stomach? what are their functions?
Surface Mucous- 1. produce thick visible mucus 2. secrete bicarbonate ions
Regenerative cells- bases of gastric pits
the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa layer in the stomach is well developed and often arranged in three layers. name the layers.
- inner circular
- outer longitudinal
- outermost circular/oblique
what specialized feature is located in the submucosa of the stomach? what is the function?
AVA
fxn: shut down activity and secretion FAST
matching (ME muscle layers of stomach).
- sometimes
- well-developed
- thin
A. outer longitudinal
B. middle circular
C. innermost oblique
- C- innermost oblique
- B- middle circular
- A- outer longitudinal
what is the covering of the stomach (adventitia or serosa)?
serosa
in regard to gastric histology, what are the 3 regions of the stomach?
- cardiac
- gastric
- pyloric
what cells are NOT found in the cardiac region of the stomach?
chief cells
in the gastric region of the stomach, where do the gastric glands extends from-to?
from gastric pit to MM
what are the 3 regions of the gastric gland?
- isthmus
- neck
- base
matching (cells to gastric gland).
- chief cells, parietal cells, DNES cells
- surface mucous, DNES cells
- neck mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells, DNES cells
A. isthmus
B. neck
C. base
- C- base
- A- isthmus
- B- neck
what do the surface mucous cells in the isthmus of the gastric gland produce?
thick visible mucus that traps bicardonate ions to protect mucosa from auto digestion
what is another name for DNES cells?
enteroendocrine cells
matching.
- produce serotonin
- produce gastrin
- produce somatostatin
A. Type EC
B. Type D
C. Type G
- A- type EC
- C- type G
- B- type D
what type of cell in the neck of the gastric gland replace all cell types?
regenerative cells
what 2 substances do the parietal cells in the neck of the gastric gland produce?
- HCL
2. intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)
T/F. chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia.
true
low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of intrinsic factor which will decrease B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation
what 2 substances do the chief cells in the base of the gastric gland produce?
- pepsinogen (primarily)
2. gastric lipase
what is the anatomical sphincter between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum?
pyloric sphincter
what are 2 general causes of peptic ulcer disease?
- insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin
2. H. pylori
what are 3 general functions of the SI?
- digestion
- nutrient absorption
- produce intestinal hormones using DNES cells
name the 3 surface adaptations of the SI that increase surface area by a factor of 400 plus.
- plicae circulares
- villi
- microvilli
the plicae circulares of the SI are permanent folds that affect what 2 luminal wall layers?
- mucosa
2. submucosa
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the SI?
simple columnar
what are the 6 cell types found in the mucosa of the SI?
- surface absorptive cells (enterocytes)
- goblet cells
- DNES cells
- regenerative cells
- paneth cells
- M cells
(Sun Goes Down Really Peacefully at Midnight)
matching (mucosa cells)
- contain microvilli
- fewest in duodenum and most in ileum
- Type I, K, S
- found in crypts
- found at the bases of crypts
- terminal digestion in glycocalyx
- produce lysozyme
- located in ileum over peyer’s patches
- promote humoral immunity
A. surface absorptive cells B. goblet cells C. DNES cells D. regenerative cells E. paneth cells F. M cells
- A- surface absorptive
- B- goblet
- C- DNES
- D- regenerative
- E- paneth
- A- surface absorptive
- E- paneth
- F- M cells
- F- M cells
matching (DNES cells in SI)
- produce GIP
- produce secretin
- produce CCK
- stimulate gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion of enzymes from serous acini
- inhibits HCL release
- stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from pancreatic ducts
A. Type I
B. Type K
C. Type S
- B- type K
- C- type S
- A- type I
- A- type I
- B- type K
- C- type S
what are lacteals? where are they located? what are their function?
lacteals
- lymphatic capillaries
- villus core of LP in SI
- lipid absorption
what is the importance of the longitudinal smooth m. of the LP in the SI?
if irritated, then m. contracts and the villi will shorten (can lead to nutrient deficiecies if prolonged)
T/F. the LP of the Si borders intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn).
true
what glands are located in the submucosa of duodenum? what do they produce?
duodenal (brunner) glands
produce: alkaline mucus (neutralize chyme)
T/F. there is a mix of duodenal and peyer’s patches found in the jejunum.
false; no structures of significance in jejunum
what structure are groups of regularly occurring large lymph nodes located in the submucosa of the ileum?
Peyer’s Patches
the submucosal plexus in the ileum is under what type of autonomic innervation? which type of muscle is it close to?
parasympathetic
circular muscle in ME
T/F. the ME of the SI has a normal pattern of inner circular and outer longitudinal.
true
the myenteric plexus in the ME is located between what two layers of muscle in the ME?
circular and longitudinal
what part of the SI will serosa cover? adventitia?
serosa= first and last duodenum and all jejunum and ileum
adventitia= descending duodenum
T/F. the ileocecal valve is only an anatomical sphincter.
false; physiological and anatomical
what is the name of the structure that is a blind pouch, on the right, extending from the cecum?
appendix (vermiform appendix)
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the appendix?
simple columnar
T/F. in the mucosa of the appendix, the LP is present but the MM is poorly developed.
true
T/F. in the mucosa of the appendix, you will find short crypts, villi, and infrequent paneth cells.
false; short crypts, no villi, no to infrequent paneth cells
what notable structures are found in the submucosa of the appendix?
number lymph nodes
what are 2 functions of the appendix?
- humor immunity
2. reservoir for good bacteria
what is the primary function of the colon?
absorption of water
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the colon?
simple columnar
what is the name of the absorptive cells in the mucosa of the colon?
colonocytes
the mucosa of the colon lack what 2 structures?
- villi
2. paneth cells
the ME of the colon does NOT have a normal pattern. name the pattern of the ME in the colon.
outer longitudinal muscle –> teniae coli –> haustra
T/F. the covering of the colon is mixed.
true
mostly serosa, some adventitia
what is the surface epithelium of the rectum?
simple columnar
T/F. the rectum is similar to the colon in which they both have straight intestinal glands with goblet cells.
true
what 2 notable features does the rectum have that the colon does not?
- transverse rectal folds
2. covering is adventitia
what is the surface epithelium of the anal canal?
stratified squamous
what 2 glands are located in the anal canal?
- anal glands
2. circumanal glands
the mucosa and submucosa of the anal canal contain longitudinal folds creating ______.
anal columns
T/F. the MM is well developed in the anal canal.
false; mm disappears in the anal canal
what is the luminal wall covering of the anal canal?
adventitia
