Chapter 7- Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 8 functions of the digestive system?
A
- ingestion
- mastication
- secretion
- absorption
- elimination of waste
- motility
- hormone release
- chemical digestion
2
Q
what structures make up the oral cavity?
A
- lips
- tongue
- teeth
- minor/major salivary glands
- tonsils
3
Q
what is the oral cavity lined with?
A
oral mucosa
4
Q
what are the 3 types of oral mucosa?
A
- masticatory
- lining
- specialized
5
Q
matching.
A. gingiva and hard palate
B. soft palate, under tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, lips
C. dorsal surface of tongue
- lining
- masticatory
- specialized
A
A. 2
B. 1
C. 3
6
Q
what is the surface epithelium of masticatory mucosa?
A
keratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous
7
Q
T/F. superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium do not keep their nucleus.
A
false; they do keep their nucleus
8
Q
what are the 2 layers of the lamina propria of the masticatory mucosa?
A
- papillary
2. reticular
9
Q
what layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, and some Meissner’s corpuscles?
A
papillary layer
10
Q
what kind of the CT does the papillary layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa have? reticular layer?
A
papillary= thick loose reticular= dense
11
Q
generally, what is the surface epithelium of lining mucosa?
A
stratified squamous
12
Q
what is the surface epithelium of the lips and vermillion zone of the lining mucosa?
A
keratinized stratified squamous
13
Q
T/F. the areas of stratified squamous are thicker than the areas of keratinized stratified squamous.
A
true
14
Q
what kind of CT does the LP of lining mucosa have? submucosa?
A
LP= loose submucosa= dense
15
Q
T/F. both the LP and submucosa of lining mucosa contain blood vessels and nerves.
A
true
16
Q
what is the surface epithelium of specialized epithelium?
A
keratinized stratified squamous on filiform papillae
stratified squamous on all other papillae
17
Q
what are the 2 general functions of specialized mucosa?
A
- move food
2. taste
18
Q
T/F. the tongue is thinner dorsally and thicker and smoother posteriorly.
A
false; thicker dorsally and thinner and smoother posteriorly
19
Q
what is the surface epithelium on the tongue?
A
keratinized stratified squamous on filiform
stratified squamous on fungiform, foliate, vallate
20
Q
small salivary (von Ebner) glands are associated with what papillae?
A
vallate
21
Q
taste buds are located on all papillae except…
A
filiform
22
Q
what type of CT is found in the LP of the tongue?
A
loose and possibly some adipose
23
Q
what type of salivary glands are located in the submucosa of the tongue?
A
lingual
24
Q
T/F. the intrinsic tongue muscles do not have external attachment.
A
true
25
name the four alternating muscles within the tongue from top to bottom.
1. superior longitudinal
2. vertical ... alternating with
3. transverse
4. inferior longitudinal
26
name the layers of the developing tooth from outside to inside.
1. ameloblasts
2. enamel
3. dentin
4. predentin
5. odontoblasts
6. dental papilla (pulp)
27
what type of cells are ameloblasts?
polarized columnar cells
28
what layer of the developing tooth produces enamel?
ameloblasts
29
what layer of the developing tooth is the hardest substance in the body?
enamel
30
T/F. you can make more enamel after tooth eruption.
false; you cannot make more
31
dentin is harder than bone and contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves and cell processes of
A. ameloblasts
B. odontoblasts
B. odontoblasts
32
T/F. predentin produces dentin.
false; predentin is the precursor to dentin before mineralization
33
if predentin does not produce dentin, what does?
odontoblasts
34
what are the 3 functions of odontoblasts?
1. repair dentin
2. produce dentin
3. maintain dentin
35
name the 3 salivary glands.
1. parotid
2. submadibular
3. sublingual
36
matching
1. largest salivary gland
2. smallest salivary gland
3. most affected by mumps
4. mixed gland- mostly mucus some serous
5. 100% serous producing
6. mixed gland- mostly serous some mucus
7. 30% of total salivary output
8. 5% of total salivary output
9. 60% of total salivary output
10. has serous demilunes
11. produces salivary (alpha) amylase, lysozyme, and sec. IgA
A. parotid
B. submandibular
C. sublingual
1. A- parotid
2. C- sublingual
3. A- parotid
4. C- sublingual
5. A- parotid
6. B- submandibular
7. A- parotid
8. C- sublingual
9. B- sunmandibular
10. B- submandibular
11. A- parotid
37
what are 6 functions for saliva?
1. lubricating and cleansing
2. antibacterial
3. dissolving food
4. initiate digestion
5. aid swallowing
6. wound healing
38
parasympathetic impulses will (increase/decrease) the amount of water secretion from salivary glands.
increase
39
sympathetic impulses will result in a (increased/decreased) amount of saliva with a thicker consistency.
decreased
40
what type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae within the mucosa of the digestive luminal wall?
smooth muscle
41
what plexus is in the submucosa of the digestive luminal wall? what is the function?
submucosal (Meissner) plexus
| FXN: influence mucosa
42
what plexus is in the muscularis externa of the digestive luminal wall? what is the function?
myenteric (Auerbach) plexus
| FXN: influence muscularis externa
43
what is the function of the esophagus?
transfer bolus to stomach from oropharynx
44
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus?
stratified squamous
45
what cells are found in the mucosa of the esophagus?
Langerhans cells
46
what glands will you find in the LP of the esophagus? what is the function?
Esophageal Cardiac Glands
| FXN: produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium
47
what glands will you find in the submucosa of the esophagus? what is the function?
```
Esophageal Glands (Proper)
FXN: produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food
```
48
T/F. sympathetic stimulation will stimulate peristalsis and contract sphincters and control blood flow to the gut.
false; inhibit peristalsis
| parasymp- stim peristalsis, inhibit sphincters and activate secretion
49
does the muscularis externa of the esophagus have a normal pattern? what is the pattern?
yes- inner circular outer longitudinal
50
list the type of muscle of the upper, middle, and lower part of the muscularis externa of the esophagus.
upper 1/3- skeletal
middle 1/3- mix of skeletal and smooth
lower 1/3- smooth
51
what is the main covering of the esophagus?
adventitia
| except last 1-2 inches= serosa
52
what are the two physiological sphincters associated with the esophagus?
pharyngo-esophageal
| gastro-esophageal
53
between the pharyngo-esophageal and gastro-esophageal sphincter, which one is prone to problems? why?
gastro-esophageal
| because there is an abrupt change to simple columnar (from stratified squamous)
54
the lower esophageal sphincter (gastro-esophageal) involved 4 complimentary forces. name them.
1. diaphragm contraction
2. greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric
3. peristalsis
4. maintenance of correct anatomical arrangement of structures
55
what is the cause of esophageal reflux?
stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus
56
what are 5 contributing factors of esophageal reflux?
1. chronic gastritis
2. hiatal hernia
3. pregnancy
4. incompetent sphincter
5. subluxations
57
what disease is described as metaplasia due to a chronic problem causing stratified squamous to be replaced by mucus secreting simple columnar in lower esophagus?
Barrett's Esophagus
58
what is the primary function of the stomach?
storage
59
T/F. rugae are tiny depressions in the stomach's surface.
false; gastric pits are tiny depressions in the stomach's surface; 1 pit can lead to more than one gland
60
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the stomach?
simple columnar
61
what cells are found in the mucosa of the stomach? what are their functions?
Surface Mucous- 1. produce thick visible mucus 2. secrete bicarbonate ions
Regenerative cells- bases of gastric pits
62
the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa layer in the stomach is well developed and often arranged in three layers. name the layers.
1. inner circular
2. outer longitudinal
3. outermost circular/oblique
63
what specialized feature is located in the submucosa of the stomach? what is the function?
AVA
| fxn: shut down activity and secretion FAST
64
matching (ME muscle layers of stomach).
1. sometimes
2. well-developed
3. thin
A. outer longitudinal
B. middle circular
C. innermost oblique
1. C- innermost oblique
2. B- middle circular
3. A- outer longitudinal
65
what is the covering of the stomach (adventitia or serosa)?
serosa
66
in regard to gastric histology, what are the 3 regions of the stomach?
1. cardiac
2. gastric
3. pyloric
67
what cells are NOT found in the cardiac region of the stomach?
chief cells
68
in the gastric region of the stomach, where do the gastric glands extends from-to?
from gastric pit to MM
69
what are the 3 regions of the gastric gland?
1. isthmus
2. neck
3. base
70
matching (cells to gastric gland).
1. chief cells, parietal cells, DNES cells
2. surface mucous, DNES cells
3. neck mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells, DNES cells
A. isthmus
B. neck
C. base
1. C- base
2. A- isthmus
3. B- neck
71
what do the surface mucous cells in the isthmus of the gastric gland produce?
thick visible mucus that traps bicardonate ions to protect mucosa from auto digestion
72
what is another name for DNES cells?
enteroendocrine cells
73
matching.
1. produce serotonin
2. produce gastrin
3. produce somatostatin
A. Type EC
B. Type D
C. Type G
1. A- type EC
2. C- type G
3. B- type D
74
what type of cell in the neck of the gastric gland replace all cell types?
regenerative cells
75
what 2 substances do the parietal cells in the neck of the gastric gland produce?
1. HCL
| 2. intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)
76
T/F. chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia.
true
low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of intrinsic factor which will decrease B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation
77
what 2 substances do the chief cells in the base of the gastric gland produce?
1. pepsinogen (primarily)
| 2. gastric lipase
78
what is the anatomical sphincter between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum?
pyloric sphincter
79
what are 2 general causes of peptic ulcer disease?
1. insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin
| 2. H. pylori
80
what are 3 general functions of the SI?
1. digestion
2. nutrient absorption
3. produce intestinal hormones using DNES cells
81
name the 3 surface adaptations of the SI that increase surface area by a factor of 400 plus.
1. plicae circulares
2. villi
3. microvilli
82
the plicae circulares of the SI are permanent folds that affect what 2 luminal wall layers?
1. mucosa
| 2. submucosa
83
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the SI?
simple columnar
84
what are the 6 cell types found in the mucosa of the SI?
1. surface absorptive cells (enterocytes)
2. goblet cells
3. DNES cells
4. regenerative cells
5. paneth cells
6. M cells
(Sun Goes Down Really Peacefully at Midnight)
85
matching (mucosa cells)
1. contain microvilli
2. fewest in duodenum and most in ileum
3. Type I, K, S
4. found in crypts
5. found at the bases of crypts
6. terminal digestion in glycocalyx
7. produce lysozyme
8. located in ileum over peyer's patches
9. promote humoral immunity
```
A. surface absorptive cells
B. goblet cells
C. DNES cells
D. regenerative cells
E. paneth cells
F. M cells
```
1. A- surface absorptive
2. B- goblet
3. C- DNES
4. D- regenerative
5. E- paneth
6. A- surface absorptive
7. E- paneth
8. F- M cells
9. F- M cells
86
matching (DNES cells in SI)
1. produce GIP
2. produce secretin
3. produce CCK
4. stimulate gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion of enzymes from serous acini
5. inhibits HCL release
6. stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from pancreatic ducts
A. Type I
B. Type K
C. Type S
1. B- type K
2. C- type S
3. A- type I
4. A- type I
5. B- type K
6. C- type S
87
what are lacteals? where are they located? what are their function?
lacteals
1. lymphatic capillaries
2. villus core of LP in SI
3. lipid absorption
88
what is the importance of the longitudinal smooth m. of the LP in the SI?
if irritated, then m. contracts and the villi will shorten (can lead to nutrient deficiecies if prolonged)
89
T/F. the LP of the Si borders intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn).
true
90
what glands are located in the submucosa of duodenum? what do they produce?
duodenal (brunner) glands
| produce: alkaline mucus (neutralize chyme)
91
T/F. there is a mix of duodenal and peyer's patches found in the jejunum.
false; no structures of significance in jejunum
92
what structure are groups of regularly occurring large lymph nodes located in the submucosa of the ileum?
Peyer's Patches
93
the submucosal plexus in the ileum is under what type of autonomic innervation? which type of muscle is it close to?
parasympathetic
| circular muscle in ME
94
T/F. the ME of the SI has a normal pattern of inner circular and outer longitudinal.
true
95
the myenteric plexus in the ME is located between what two layers of muscle in the ME?
circular and longitudinal
96
what part of the SI will serosa cover? adventitia?
serosa= first and last duodenum and all jejunum and ileum
adventitia= descending duodenum
97
T/F. the ileocecal valve is only an anatomical sphincter.
false; physiological and anatomical
98
what is the name of the structure that is a blind pouch, on the right, extending from the cecum?
appendix (vermiform appendix)
99
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the appendix?
simple columnar
100
T/F. in the mucosa of the appendix, the LP is present but the MM is poorly developed.
true
101
T/F. in the mucosa of the appendix, you will find short crypts, villi, and infrequent paneth cells.
false; short crypts, no villi, no to infrequent paneth cells
102
what notable structures are found in the submucosa of the appendix?
number lymph nodes
103
what are 2 functions of the appendix?
1. humor immunity
| 2. reservoir for good bacteria
104
what is the primary function of the colon?
absorption of water
105
what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the colon?
simple columnar
106
what is the name of the absorptive cells in the mucosa of the colon?
colonocytes
107
the mucosa of the colon lack what 2 structures?
1. villi
| 2. paneth cells
108
the ME of the colon does NOT have a normal pattern. name the pattern of the ME in the colon.
outer longitudinal muscle --> teniae coli --> haustra
109
T/F. the covering of the colon is mixed.
true
| mostly serosa, some adventitia
110
what is the surface epithelium of the rectum?
simple columnar
111
T/F. the rectum is similar to the colon in which they both have straight intestinal glands with goblet cells.
true
112
what 2 notable features does the rectum have that the colon does not?
1. transverse rectal folds
| 2. covering is adventitia
113
what is the surface epithelium of the anal canal?
stratified squamous
114
what 2 glands are located in the anal canal?
1. anal glands
| 2. circumanal glands
115
the mucosa and submucosa of the anal canal contain longitudinal folds creating ______.
anal columns
116
T/F. the MM is well developed in the anal canal.
false; mm disappears in the anal canal
117
what is the luminal wall covering of the anal canal?
adventitia
