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Organ Histology > Chapter 7- Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 8 functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. mastication
  3. secretion
  4. absorption
  5. elimination of waste
  6. motility
  7. hormone release
  8. chemical digestion
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2
Q

what structures make up the oral cavity?

A
  1. lips
  2. tongue
  3. teeth
  4. minor/major salivary glands
  5. tonsils
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3
Q

what is the oral cavity lined with?

A

oral mucosa

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of oral mucosa?

A
  1. masticatory
  2. lining
  3. specialized
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5
Q

matching.

A. gingiva and hard palate
B. soft palate, under tongue, floor of mouth, cheeks, lips
C. dorsal surface of tongue

  1. lining
  2. masticatory
  3. specialized
A

A. 2
B. 1
C. 3

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6
Q

what is the surface epithelium of masticatory mucosa?

A

keratinized or parakeratinized stratified squamous

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7
Q

T/F. superficial cells of parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium do not keep their nucleus.

A

false; they do keep their nucleus

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8
Q

what are the 2 layers of the lamina propria of the masticatory mucosa?

A
  1. papillary

2. reticular

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9
Q

what layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa contains blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, and some Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

papillary layer

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10
Q

what kind of the CT does the papillary layer of the LP of masticatory mucosa have? reticular layer?

A 
papillary= thick loose
reticular= dense
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11
Q

generally, what is the surface epithelium of lining mucosa?

A

stratified squamous

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12
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the lips and vermillion zone of the lining mucosa?

A

keratinized stratified squamous

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13
Q

T/F. the areas of stratified squamous are thicker than the areas of keratinized stratified squamous.

A

true

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14
Q

what kind of CT does the LP of lining mucosa have? submucosa?

A 
LP= loose
submucosa= dense
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15
Q

T/F. both the LP and submucosa of lining mucosa contain blood vessels and nerves.

A

true

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16
Q

what is the surface epithelium of specialized epithelium?

A

keratinized stratified squamous on filiform papillae

stratified squamous on all other papillae

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17
Q

what are the 2 general functions of specialized mucosa?

A
  1. move food

2. taste

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18
Q

T/F. the tongue is thinner dorsally and thicker and smoother posteriorly.

A

false; thicker dorsally and thinner and smoother posteriorly

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19
Q

what is the surface epithelium on the tongue?

A

keratinized stratified squamous on filiform

stratified squamous on fungiform, foliate, vallate

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20
Q

small salivary (von Ebner) glands are associated with what papillae?

A

vallate

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21
Q

taste buds are located on all papillae except…

A

filiform

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22
Q

what type of CT is found in the LP of the tongue?

A

loose and possibly some adipose

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23
Q

what type of salivary glands are located in the submucosa of the tongue?

A

lingual

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24
Q

T/F. the intrinsic tongue muscles do not have external attachment.

A

true

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25
Q

name the four alternating muscles within the tongue from top to bottom.

A
  1. superior longitudinal
  2. vertical … alternating with
  3. transverse
  4. inferior longitudinal
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26
Q

name the layers of the developing tooth from outside to inside.

A
  1. ameloblasts
  2. enamel
  3. dentin
  4. predentin
  5. odontoblasts
  6. dental papilla (pulp)
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27
Q

what type of cells are ameloblasts?

A

polarized columnar cells

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28
Q

what layer of the developing tooth produces enamel?

A

ameloblasts

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29
Q

what layer of the developing tooth is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

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30
Q

T/F. you can make more enamel after tooth eruption.

A

false; you cannot make more

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31
Q

dentin is harder than bone and contains thin dentinal tubules containing nerves and cell processes of
A. ameloblasts
B. odontoblasts

A

B. odontoblasts

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32
Q

T/F. predentin produces dentin.

A

false; predentin is the precursor to dentin before mineralization

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33
Q

if predentin does not produce dentin, what does?

A

odontoblasts

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34
Q

what are the 3 functions of odontoblasts?

A
  1. repair dentin
  2. produce dentin
  3. maintain dentin
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35
Q

name the 3 salivary glands.

A
  1. parotid
  2. submadibular
  3. sublingual
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36
Q

matching

  1. largest salivary gland
  2. smallest salivary gland
  3. most affected by mumps
  4. mixed gland- mostly mucus some serous
  5. 100% serous producing
  6. mixed gland- mostly serous some mucus
  7. 30% of total salivary output
  8. 5% of total salivary output
  9. 60% of total salivary output
  10. has serous demilunes
  11. produces salivary (alpha) amylase, lysozyme, and sec. IgA

A. parotid
B. submandibular
C. sublingual

A
  1. A- parotid
  2. C- sublingual
  3. A- parotid
  4. C- sublingual
  5. A- parotid
  6. B- submandibular
  7. A- parotid
  8. C- sublingual
  9. B- sunmandibular
  10. B- submandibular
  11. A- parotid
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37
Q

what are 6 functions for saliva?

A
  1. lubricating and cleansing
  2. antibacterial
  3. dissolving food
  4. initiate digestion
  5. aid swallowing
  6. wound healing
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38
Q

parasympathetic impulses will (increase/decrease) the amount of water secretion from salivary glands.

A

increase

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39
Q

sympathetic impulses will result in a (increased/decreased) amount of saliva with a thicker consistency.

A

decreased

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40
Q

what type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae within the mucosa of the digestive luminal wall?

A

smooth muscle

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41
Q

what plexus is in the submucosa of the digestive luminal wall? what is the function?

A

submucosal (Meissner) plexus

FXN: influence mucosa

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42
Q

what plexus is in the muscularis externa of the digestive luminal wall? what is the function?

A

myenteric (Auerbach) plexus

FXN: influence muscularis externa

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43
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A

transfer bolus to stomach from oropharynx

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44
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous

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45
Q

what cells are found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Langerhans cells

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46
Q

what glands will you find in the LP of the esophagus? what is the function?

A

Esophageal Cardiac Glands

FXN: produce neutral mucus to protect esophageal epithelium

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47
Q

what glands will you find in the submucosa of the esophagus? what is the function?

A 
Esophageal Glands (Proper) 
FXN: produce slightly acidic mucus to lubricate the movement of food
48
Q

T/F. sympathetic stimulation will stimulate peristalsis and contract sphincters and control blood flow to the gut.

A

false; inhibit peristalsis

parasymp- stim peristalsis, inhibit sphincters and activate secretion

49
Q

does the muscularis externa of the esophagus have a normal pattern? what is the pattern?

A

yes- inner circular outer longitudinal

50
Q

list the type of muscle of the upper, middle, and lower part of the muscularis externa of the esophagus.

A

upper 1/3- skeletal
middle 1/3- mix of skeletal and smooth
lower 1/3- smooth

51
Q

what is the main covering of the esophagus?

A

adventitia

except last 1-2 inches= serosa

52
Q

what are the two physiological sphincters associated with the esophagus?

A

pharyngo-esophageal

gastro-esophageal

53
Q

between the pharyngo-esophageal and gastro-esophageal sphincter, which one is prone to problems? why?

A

gastro-esophageal

because there is an abrupt change to simple columnar (from stratified squamous)

54
Q

the lower esophageal sphincter (gastro-esophageal) involved 4 complimentary forces. name them.

A
  1. diaphragm contraction
  2. greater intra-abdominal pressure than intra-gastric
  3. peristalsis
  4. maintenance of correct anatomical arrangement of structures
55
Q

what is the cause of esophageal reflux?

A

stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus

56
Q

what are 5 contributing factors of esophageal reflux?

A
  1. chronic gastritis
  2. hiatal hernia
  3. pregnancy
  4. incompetent sphincter
  5. subluxations
57
Q

what disease is described as metaplasia due to a chronic problem causing stratified squamous to be replaced by mucus secreting simple columnar in lower esophagus?

A

Barrett’s Esophagus

58
Q

what is the primary function of the stomach?

A

storage

59
Q

T/F. rugae are tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface.

A

false; gastric pits are tiny depressions in the stomach’s surface; 1 pit can lead to more than one gland

60
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the stomach?

A

simple columnar

61
Q

what cells are found in the mucosa of the stomach? what are their functions?

A

Surface Mucous- 1. produce thick visible mucus 2. secrete bicarbonate ions

Regenerative cells- bases of gastric pits

62
Q

the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa layer in the stomach is well developed and often arranged in three layers. name the layers.

A
  1. inner circular
  2. outer longitudinal
  3. outermost circular/oblique
63
Q

what specialized feature is located in the submucosa of the stomach? what is the function?

A

AVA

fxn: shut down activity and secretion FAST

64
Q

matching (ME muscle layers of stomach).

  1. sometimes
  2. well-developed
  3. thin

A. outer longitudinal
B. middle circular
C. innermost oblique

A
  1. C- innermost oblique
  2. B- middle circular
  3. A- outer longitudinal
65
Q

what is the covering of the stomach (adventitia or serosa)?

A

serosa

66
Q

in regard to gastric histology, what are the 3 regions of the stomach?

A
  1. cardiac
  2. gastric
  3. pyloric
67
Q

what cells are NOT found in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

chief cells

68
Q

in the gastric region of the stomach, where do the gastric glands extends from-to?

A

from gastric pit to MM

69
Q

what are the 3 regions of the gastric gland?

A
  1. isthmus
  2. neck
  3. base
70
Q

matching (cells to gastric gland).

  1. chief cells, parietal cells, DNES cells
  2. surface mucous, DNES cells
  3. neck mucous cells, regenerative cells, parietal cells, DNES cells

A. isthmus
B. neck
C. base

A
  1. C- base
  2. A- isthmus
  3. B- neck
71
Q

what do the surface mucous cells in the isthmus of the gastric gland produce?

A

thick visible mucus that traps bicardonate ions to protect mucosa from auto digestion

72
Q

what is another name for DNES cells?

A

enteroendocrine cells

73
Q

matching.

  1. produce serotonin
  2. produce gastrin
  3. produce somatostatin

A. Type EC
B. Type D
C. Type G

A
  1. A- type EC
  2. C- type G
  3. B- type D
74
Q

what type of cell in the neck of the gastric gland replace all cell types?

A

regenerative cells

75
Q

what 2 substances do the parietal cells in the neck of the gastric gland produce?

A
  1. HCL

2. intrinsic factor (B12 absorption)

76
Q

T/F. chronic gastritis can lead to pernicious anemia.

A

true

low # of parietal cells can lead to low amounts of intrinsic factor which will decrease B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC maturation

77
Q

what 2 substances do the chief cells in the base of the gastric gland produce?

A
  1. pepsinogen (primarily)

2. gastric lipase

78
Q

what is the anatomical sphincter between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum?

A

pyloric sphincter

79
Q

what are 2 general causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A
  1. insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin

2. H. pylori

80
Q

what are 3 general functions of the SI?

A
  1. digestion
  2. nutrient absorption
  3. produce intestinal hormones using DNES cells
81
Q

name the 3 surface adaptations of the SI that increase surface area by a factor of 400 plus.

A
  1. plicae circulares
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
82
Q

the plicae circulares of the SI are permanent folds that affect what 2 luminal wall layers?

A
  1. mucosa

2. submucosa

83
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the SI?

A

simple columnar

84
Q

what are the 6 cell types found in the mucosa of the SI?

A
  1. surface absorptive cells (enterocytes)
  2. goblet cells
  3. DNES cells
  4. regenerative cells
  5. paneth cells
  6. M cells

(Sun Goes Down Really Peacefully at Midnight)

85
Q

matching (mucosa cells)

  1. contain microvilli
  2. fewest in duodenum and most in ileum
  3. Type I, K, S
  4. found in crypts
  5. found at the bases of crypts
  6. terminal digestion in glycocalyx
  7. produce lysozyme
  8. located in ileum over peyer’s patches
  9. promote humoral immunity
A. surface absorptive cells
B. goblet cells
C. DNES cells
D. regenerative cells
E. paneth cells
F. M cells
A
  1. A- surface absorptive
  2. B- goblet
  3. C- DNES
  4. D- regenerative
  5. E- paneth
  6. A- surface absorptive
  7. E- paneth
  8. F- M cells
  9. F- M cells
86
Q

matching (DNES cells in SI)

  1. produce GIP
  2. produce secretin
  3. produce CCK
  4. stimulate gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion of enzymes from serous acini
  5. inhibits HCL release
  6. stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from pancreatic ducts

A. Type I
B. Type K
C. Type S

A
  1. B- type K
  2. C- type S
  3. A- type I
  4. A- type I
  5. B- type K
  6. C- type S
87
Q

what are lacteals? where are they located? what are their function?

A

lacteals

  1. lymphatic capillaries
  2. villus core of LP in SI
  3. lipid absorption
88
Q

what is the importance of the longitudinal smooth m. of the LP in the SI?

A

if irritated, then m. contracts and the villi will shorten (can lead to nutrient deficiecies if prolonged)

89
Q

T/F. the LP of the Si borders intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn).

A

true

90
Q

what glands are located in the submucosa of duodenum? what do they produce?

A

duodenal (brunner) glands

produce: alkaline mucus (neutralize chyme)

91
Q

T/F. there is a mix of duodenal and peyer’s patches found in the jejunum.

A

false; no structures of significance in jejunum

92
Q

what structure are groups of regularly occurring large lymph nodes located in the submucosa of the ileum?

A

Peyer’s Patches

93
Q

the submucosal plexus in the ileum is under what type of autonomic innervation? which type of muscle is it close to?

A

parasympathetic

circular muscle in ME

94
Q

T/F. the ME of the SI has a normal pattern of inner circular and outer longitudinal.

A

true

95
Q

the myenteric plexus in the ME is located between what two layers of muscle in the ME?

A

circular and longitudinal

96
Q

what part of the SI will serosa cover? adventitia?

A

serosa= first and last duodenum and all jejunum and ileum

adventitia= descending duodenum

97
Q

T/F. the ileocecal valve is only an anatomical sphincter.

A

false; physiological and anatomical

98
Q

what is the name of the structure that is a blind pouch, on the right, extending from the cecum?

A

appendix (vermiform appendix)

99
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the appendix?

A

simple columnar

100
Q

T/F. in the mucosa of the appendix, the LP is present but the MM is poorly developed.

A

true

101
Q

T/F. in the mucosa of the appendix, you will find short crypts, villi, and infrequent paneth cells.

A

false; short crypts, no villi, no to infrequent paneth cells

102
Q

what notable structures are found in the submucosa of the appendix?

A

number lymph nodes

103
Q

what are 2 functions of the appendix?

A
  1. humor immunity

2. reservoir for good bacteria

104
Q

what is the primary function of the colon?

A

absorption of water

105
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the mucosa in the colon?

A

simple columnar

106
Q

what is the name of the absorptive cells in the mucosa of the colon?

A

colonocytes

107
Q

the mucosa of the colon lack what 2 structures?

A
  1. villi

2. paneth cells

108
Q

the ME of the colon does NOT have a normal pattern. name the pattern of the ME in the colon.

A

outer longitudinal muscle –> teniae coli –> haustra

109
Q

T/F. the covering of the colon is mixed.

A

true

mostly serosa, some adventitia

110
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the rectum?

A

simple columnar

111
Q

T/F. the rectum is similar to the colon in which they both have straight intestinal glands with goblet cells.

A

true

112
Q

what 2 notable features does the rectum have that the colon does not?

A
  1. transverse rectal folds

2. covering is adventitia

113
Q

what is the surface epithelium of the anal canal?

A

stratified squamous

114
Q

what 2 glands are located in the anal canal?

A
  1. anal glands

2. circumanal glands

115
Q

the mucosa and submucosa of the anal canal contain longitudinal folds creating ______.

A

anal columns

116
Q

T/F. the MM is well developed in the anal canal.

A

false; mm disappears in the anal canal

117
Q

what is the luminal wall covering of the anal canal?

A

adventitia

Organ Histology (4 decks)

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