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Organ Histology > Chapter 1- Epithelium > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four basic types of tissue?

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

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2
Q

what are the three general functions of epithelium?

A

absorption
secretion
provide a barrier

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3
Q

what the three specialized functions of epithelium?

A
  1. transport molecules across epithelium
  2. prevent transport of material across epithelium= selective permeability
  3. sensory
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4
Q

what are the five basic characteristics of epithelium?

A
  1. cell are adjacent to each other
  2. complete or partial basement membrane
  3. avascular
  4. associated with vascular connective tissue
  5. cells held together by cell junctions
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5
Q

what are the two parts of the complete basement membrane?

A
  1. basal lamina

2. reticular lamina

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6
Q

what part of the basement membrane is produced by epithelium? fibroblasts in the CT?

A

epithelium- basal lamina

fibroblasts in CT- reticular lamina

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7
Q

T/F. a partial basement membrane contains only the reticular lamina.

A

false; only basal lamina

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8
Q

what are the four functions of a basement membrane?

A
  1. provides a surface for epithelial cell attachment
  2. molecular filter (limited)
  3. limits stretch
  4. directs migration of cells (e.g. wound healing)
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9
Q

since epithelium is avascular, how do cells obtain nutrition?

A

by diffusion

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10
Q

what are the two functions of CT when associated wit epithelium?

A
  1. provides nutrition

2. source of defensive cells

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11
Q

what are the four types of cell junctions?

A
  1. zonula occludens
  2. zonula adherens
  3. macula adherens
  4. gap junctions
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12
Q

what is another name for zonula occludens?

A

tight junctions

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13
Q

zonula occludens involve the sharing of ________ membrane proteins ________ adjacent cells.

A
  1. intrinsic

2. between

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14
Q

what are the two functions of zonula occludens/tight junctions?

A
  1. strong attachment

2. prevent passage of material between cells

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15
Q

what is another name for zonula adherens?

A

adhesion belt

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16
Q

zonula adherens consists of what two things?

A
  1. CADHERINS (linkage proteins) between cells

2. MARGINAL BANDS (microfilaments) which attach the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane at these areas

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17
Q

what are the two functions of zonula adherens?

A
  1. strong attachment

2. provide cell structural stability

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18
Q

what is another name for macula adherens?

A

desmosome

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19
Q

what is the function of macula adherens/desmosomes?

A

provide strong attachment

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20
Q

what three structures are associated with macula adherens?

A

transmembrane protein, tonofilaments, protein plaque

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21
Q

what is the structure/shape of gap junctions?

A 
six connexins (proteins)
arranged in a cylinder
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22
Q

T/F. the size of the openings of gap junctions cannot be controlled by the cell.

A

false; it can be controlled by the cell

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23
Q

what are the two functions of gap junctions?

A
  1. strong attachment

2. transport material between cells

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24
Q

T/F. All types of cell junctions (zonula occludens, zonula adherens, macula adherens, gap junctions) provide strong attachment.

A

true

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25
Q

list, in order, the junctional complex beginning with the free cell surface.

A
  1. zonula occludens
  2. zonula adherens
  3. macula adherens
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26
Q

T/F. hemidesmosomes and focal point contacts are junctions that hold the epithelium to the basement membrane and the ct below.

A

true

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27
Q

what is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

help connect epithelial cells to the basement membrane

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28
Q

what is the function of focal point contacts?

A

integrin (a transmembrane protein of the cell membrane) binds to structural CT glycoproteins and also connects to cytoskeleton

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29
Q

what autoimmune skin disease causes blistering lesions that burst, but do heal?
A. Bullous Pemphigoid
B. Cholera
C. Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

A. Bullous Pemphigoid

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30
Q

what is the cause of Bullous Pemphigoid?

A

anitbodies bind to particular proteins in hemidesmosomes

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31
Q

what autoimmune skin disease causes skin blisters that do not heal as easily, likely to excessively bleed, and can be fatal?
A. Bullous Pemphigoid
B. Cholera
C. Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

C. Pemphigus Vulgaris

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32
Q

will you see Pemphigus Vulgaris more in children or adults?

A

adults

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33
Q

what causes Pemphigus Vulgaris?

A

antibodies bind to parts of desmosomes

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34
Q

what is bacterial infection of the small intestines?

A

cholera

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35
Q

what causes cholera?

A

toxins disrupt proteins in zonula occludens which permits the loss of water and electrolytes from the CT below the epithelium

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36
Q

in regard to cholera, toxins disrupt what part of the junctional complex?

A

zonula occludens

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37
Q

what type of epithelium is a single cell thick?

A

simple epithelium

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38
Q

what are the four types of simple epithelium?

A
  1. simple squamous
  2. simple cuboidal
  3. simple columnar
  4. respiratory epithelium (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
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39
Q

name the locations of simple squamous.

A
  1. lung
  2. parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule in kidney
  3. serosa on outside of organs
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40
Q

what are the 3 functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  1. living filter
  2. provide a barrier
  3. secretion
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41
Q

name the locations of simple cuboidal.

A
  1. exocrine ducts
  2. thyroid follicular cells
  3. kidney tubules
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42
Q

what are the 3 functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  1. absorption
  2. provide a barrier
  3. secretion
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43
Q

name the locations of simple columnar.

A
  1. stomach
  2. small intestines
  3. gallbladder
  4. larger exocrine ducts
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44
Q

what are the 3 functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  1. absorption
  2. provide a barrier
  3. secretion
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45
Q

matching

  1. nucleus occupies much of the cell cytoplasm
  2. more cell cytoplasm than nucleus
  3. single layer of flattened cells

A. simple columnar
B. simple cuboidal
C. simple squamous

A

B. simple cuboidal
A. simple columnar
C. simple squamous

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46
Q

name the locations of respiratory epithelium.

A
  1. trachea
  2. respiratory region of nasal cavity
  3. bronchii
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47
Q

respiratory epithelium has three cell types of various heights so it can have the appearance of stratified epithelium. name the cell types.

A
  1. goblet cells
  2. ciliated columnar cells
  3. basal cells
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48
Q

T/F. goblet cells are modified cuboidal cells.

A

false; modified columnar cells

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49
Q

ciliated columnar cells contain cilia. where are the cilia anchored? how are they anchored?

A

in the apex of the cell by basal bodies

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50
Q

in basal cells, will you see nuclei along the basement membrane?

A

yes

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51
Q

basal cells are short _______ shaped cells that do not reach the surface.

A

pyramidal

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52
Q

matching

  1. produce mucus
  2. move mucus over the surface
  3. the stem cells for respiratory epithelium

A. basal cells
B. goblet cells
C. ciliated columnar cells

A

B. goblet cells
C. ciliated columnar cells
A. basal cells

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53
Q

what is another name for microvilli?

A

brush border or striated border

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54
Q

what is the function of microvilli?

A

to increase surface area to increase absorption

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55
Q

name the locations of microvilli.

A
  1. kidney tubule cells

2. small intestines

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56
Q

T/F. stereocilia are related to true cilia.

A

false

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57
Q

what is the functions of stereocilia?

A

increase surface area

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58
Q

name the locations of stereocilia.

A
  1. epididymis

2. cochlear hair cells

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59
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

to move something over a surface

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60
Q

what are the two points about cells with cilia?

A
  1. many mitochondria

2. basal cells block the free surface so there is NO absorption or secretion

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61
Q

name the locations of cilia.

A
  1. trachea

2. oviduct

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62
Q

what produces a glycocalyx?

A

epithelial cells

63
Q

what are the functions of glycocalyces?

A
  1. protection
  2. cell recognition
  3. cells adhesion
  4. hold enzymes
64
Q

name the locations of glycocalyces.

A
  1. stomach

2. small intestines

65
Q

matching

  1. finger-like projections at the apical surface on some epithelial cells
  2. extremely long microvilli
  3. thin apical hair-like extensions of the cytoskeleton
  4. surface layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that covers some epithelium

A. cilia
B. glycocalyx
C. microvilli
D. stereocilia

A

C. microvilli
D. stereocilia
A. cilia
B. glycocalyx

66
Q

what type of epithelium is two or more cell layer thick?

A

stratified epithelium

67
Q

T/F. all stratified epithelium have a protective function.

68
Q

stratified epithelium is named for the shape of its deep or superficial cells?

A

superficial

69
Q

name the five types of stratified epithelium.

A
  1. stratified squamous
  2. keratinized stratified squamous
  3. stratified cuboidal
  4. stratified columnar
  5. transitional (urinary)
70
Q

name the locations of stratified squamous epithelium.

A
  1. esophagus
  2. oral cavity
  3. tongue
  4. vagina
71
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection from abrasion in moist environments

72
Q

what are some problems or limitation of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  1. no protection from drying

2. limited thickness so protection is limited

73
Q

name the location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

74
Q

what is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protection in a dry environment

75
Q

name, in order, the layers in epithelium of the skin starting with the layer closest to the dermis.

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
76
Q

what is the typical cell type in epithelium of the skin?

A

keratinocytes

77
Q

matching

  1. 1-2 layers of keratinocytes which are mitotic
  2. multiple layers of “spiny shaped” keratinocytes that produce keratin
  3. uppermost 2-5 layers of flattened living keratinocytes that contain flattened, condensed keratohyaline granules
  4. thin layer of recently dead or dying keratinocytes present only in thick skin
  5. layer of dead cells, keratin, and lipids
A. stratum spinosum
B. stratum lucidum 
C. stratum basale
D. stratum granulosum
E. stratum corneum
A 
C. stratum basale
A. stratum spinosum
D. stratum granulosum
B. stratum lucidum
E. stratum corneum
78
Q

keratinocytes have ______ _______ that radiate outward from the nuclear region.

A

cytokeratin tonofilaments

79
Q

T/F. thickness of the stratum spinosum cannot vary.

A

false; it can vary

80
Q

T/F. keratin and lipids are produced in the stratum granulosum.

81
Q

why is the stratum lucidum not easily seen?

A

present only in thick skin, and nucleus and organelles are not present

82
Q

what are the 3 functions of the stratum corneum?

A
  1. prevent water loss
  2. provide a barrier to microbes
  3. protect against abrasion
83
Q

what two structures contributes strength to keratinized stratified squamous by increasing surface area for attachment of the epithelium to the CT below?

A

epidermal pegs (rete ridges) and dermal papillae

84
Q

other than keratinocytes, what other cells may be found in keratinzed stratified squamous?

A
  1. melanocytes
  2. Langerhans cells
  3. Merkel cells
85
Q

what is the general function of melanocytes?

A

protect against UV radiation

86
Q

what layer in keratinized stratified squamous will you find melanocytes?

A

stratum basale

87
Q

T/F. melanocytes function by keratinocytes phagocytizing the cytoplasmic tips of melanocytes contianing melanosomes with melanin.

88
Q

skin color is greatly influenced by what three factors?

A
  1. environment
  2. genetics
  3. number of blood vessels in dermis
89
Q

T/F. increased UV light exposure will increase melanocytes and melanin.

90
Q

genetically, what will make the skin darker? reddish?

A 
darker= eumelanin
reddish= pheomelanin
91
Q

what three ways can genetics affect skin color?

A
  1. eumelanin and pheomelanin
  2. placement of melanin
  3. destruction rate of melanin by lysosomes
92
Q

T/F. melanocyte numbers will vary from person to person.

A

false; number are about equal in all humans

93
Q

what is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

recognize and process external foreign antigens; APC

94
Q

what layer will you find Langerhans cells?

A

stratum spinosum

95
Q

what is another name for Langerhans cells?

A

epidermal dendritic cell

96
Q

what is the function of Merkel cells?

A

provide touch receptors

97
Q

what is another name for Merkel cells?

A

epithelial tactile cells

98
Q

what layer will you find Merkel cells?

A

stratum basale

99
Q

since Merkel cells provide touch receptors, what are they associated with?

A

free nerve endings

100
Q

T/F. repeated exposure to UV light will increase both melanocytes and Langerhans cells.

A

false; increase melanocytes and decrease Langerhans cells

101
Q

name the locations for stratified cuboidal epithelium.

A

larger ducts in sweat glands and salivary glands (parotid)

102
Q

is stratified cuboidal common or uncommon?

103
Q

what are the 2 functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A
  1. increase protection

2. provide a barrier

104
Q

name the locations of stratified columnar epithelium.

A
  1. large ducts in pancreas
  2. parts of male urethra
  3. conjunctiva of eye
105
Q

T/F. stratified columnar epithelium is the most common type of epithelium.

A

false; most uncommon, very rare

106
Q

what are the 3 functions of stratified columnar epithelium?

A
  1. increase protection
  2. provide a barrier
  3. provide a transition between epithelial types
107
Q

name the location of transitional epithelium.

A

most of urinary tract

108
Q

what are the 3 functions of transitional epithelium?

A
  1. provide protection
  2. provide barrier
  3. stretch
109
Q

what are the 3 specializations of transitional epithelium?

A
  1. thin, fenestrated basement membrane
  2. large, rounded superficial cells
  3. well developed zonula occludens
110
Q

why is it important to have a well developed zonula occludens in transitional epithelium?

A
  1. needed due to fenestrated basement membrane

2. prevent wastes/urine from seeping between epi cells

111
Q

what is an unusual superficial cell feature of transitional epithelium?

A

bi-nucleate superficial cells

112
Q

why do cells in transitional epithelium obtain more oxygen?

A
  1. fenestrated basement membrane

2. when stretched, the diffusion distance is decreased

113
Q

matching

  1. superficial layer of cells are flat and alive
  2. superficial cell layer is covered by an added nonliving layer of keratin
  3. two layers; basal layer is typically flattened and superficial layer is cuboid
  4. two layers; basal layer is flattened to cuboid and superficial layer if columnar
  5. multiple layers of cells
A. stratified columnar
B. stratified squamous 
C. transitional 
D. keratinized stratified squamous
E. stratified cuboidal
A 
B. stratified squamous
D. keratinized stratified squamous
E. stratified cuboidal
A. stratified columnar
C. transitional
114
Q

matching

  1. patchy skin lesions
  2. spots with extra pigment; especially in fair skinned
  3. patches which lack melanocytes
  4. discoloration due to proliferation of melanocytes
  5. melanocytes become mitotically active and invade dermis
  6. melanocytes fail to produce melanin
A. moles (naevi)
B. albinism
C. freckles
D. psoriasis vulgaris
E. malignant melanoma 
F. vitiligo
A 
D. psoriasis vulgaris
C. freckles
F. vitiligo
A. moles (naevi) 
E. malignant melanoma 
B. albinism
115
Q

in psoriasis vulgaris, what layer of keratinized stratified squamous do cells accumulate?

A

stratum corneum

116
Q

T/F. psoriasis vulgaris has inflammation of epidermal pegs (rete ridges).

A

false; inflammation of dermal papillae

117
Q

what is the cause of psoriasis vulgaris?

A

cause is unknown

118
Q

T/F. freckles occur due to an increase in both melanin and melanocytes.

A

false; increase in melanin within an increase in melanocyte numbers

119
Q

the cause of vitiligo is unknown but is often associated with _____ _______.

A

systemic diseases (e.g. hypo/hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, leprosy

120
Q

what is the treatment for malignant melanoma?

A

surgery and chemotherapy

121
Q

what is the most common form of albinism?

A

tyrosinase (catalyst in converting tyrosine to melanin) is missing from melanocytes

122
Q

what are the two subcategories of epithelial glands?

A

exocrine and endocrine

123
Q

define exocrine secretion.

A

product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface

124
Q

what is the difference in parenchyma and stroma regarding exocrine secretion?

A

parenchyma- components directly involved with the primary function (secreting)
stroma- components providing mechanical/metabolic support

125
Q

what is the morphology of exocrine secretion?

A

classified according to the shape of the secretory units (tubular v. acinar) and duct arrangement (unbranched v. branched)

126
Q

what are the three methods of exocrine secretion?

A
  1. merocrine/ eccrine
  2. holocrine
  3. apocrine
127
Q

name the examples of merocrine/eccrine secretion.

A
  1. goblet cell
  2. salivary gland
  3. pancreas
  4. all sweat glands in children
  5. many adult sweat glands
128
Q

T/F. merocrine/eccrine is the most common method of exocrine secretion.

129
Q

merocrine/eccrine secretion is done by _____ therefore, is there no cell damage.

A

exocytosis

130
Q

name the examples of holocrine secretion.

A
  1. sebaceous glands

2. tarsal (Meibomian) glands of eyelid

131
Q

T/F. in holocrine secretion, the cell matures and dies.

132
Q

what is the secretory product of holocrine secretion?

A

entire cell with in-tact vacuoles

133
Q

name the examples of apocrine secretion.

A
  1. lactating mammary glands
  2. some adult sweat glands (pubic and axillary)
  3. ceruminous glands in external auditory canal
  4. ciliary (Moll’s) glands in eyelid
134
Q

in apocrine secretion, is there cell damage?

A

yes but minimal

135
Q

what is the secretory product of apocrine secretion?

A

some cytoplasm, membranes, and in-tact vacuoles

136
Q

which two types of exocrine secretion is associated with odor?

A

holocrine and apocrine

137
Q

matching

  1. smallest division of a gland; group of cells surrounding a cavity
  2. small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus
  3. contractile cells with epithelial origin

A. serous demilune
B. myoepithelial cells
C. acinus

A

C. acinus
A. serous demilune
B. myoepithelial cells

138
Q

where will you find myoepithelial cells?

A
  1. salivary and sweat glands
  2. lacrimal glands
  3. lactating mammary glands
139
Q

what is the function of myoepithelial cells?

A

assist secretion

140
Q

what do serous glands produce?

141
Q

name the examples of serous glands.

A
  1. pancreas
  2. parotid gland
  3. chief cells in stomach
142
Q

what are three characteristics of serous glands?

A
  1. trapezoid shaped
  2. nucelus typically round and noticeable
  3. pick up stain
143
Q

what will mucus gland produce?

144
Q

name the examples of mucus glands.

A
  1. goblet cells

2. mucous cells in stomach, minor salivary glands in tongue and palate

145
Q

what are two characteristics of mucus glands?

A
  1. stain light

2. nucleus is often flat and peripheral

146
Q

what will mixed glands produce?

A

serous and muscus

147
Q

name the examples of mixed glands.

A
  1. sublingual

2. submandibular

148
Q

how is exocrine secretion regulated?

A
  1. myoepithelial cells
  2. hormones
  3. blood supply
149
Q

T/F. exocrine secretion regulation is under ANS influence.

150
Q

define endocrine secretion.

A

released into nearby CT for vascular dispersal to target cells/organs

151
Q

what is the secretory product for endocrine secretion often referred to as?

152
Q

what are the two types of endocrine secretion?

A
  1. paracrine secretion

2. autocrine secretion

153
Q

what is the difference between paracrine and autocrine secretion?

A

paracrine- signal cell is close to target cell (hormone does not enter blood)
autocrine- signal cell is its own target

154
Q

how is endocrine secretion regulated?

A
  1. hormonal (positive and negative feedback loops)

2. ANS

Organ Histology (4 decks)

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