Chapter 7: Databases and Data Warehouses

Question 1

Data can be maintained in one of the two ways: the _________ - which has no mechanism for tagging, retrieving, and manipulating data- and the _________, which does have this mechanism.

Answer 1

traditional files approach

database approach

Question 2

_________ wastes storage space (and consequently money) and is inefficient.

Answer 2

Data redundancy

Question 3

Inaccuracies affect _______ - the characteristic that the data represents what it is supposed to represent and that it is complete and correct.

Answer 3

data integrity

Question 4

An ________ is any object about which an organization chooses to collect data.

Answer 4

entity

Question 5

The smallest piece of data is a _________.

Answer 5

character

Question 6

A ______ is one piece of information about an entity, such as the last name or first name of a student, or the student’s address.

Answer 6

field

Question 7

The fields related to the same entity make up a _______.

Answer 7

record

Question 8

A collection of related records, such as all the records of a college’s students, is called a _______.

Answer 8

file

Question 9

The program used to build databases, populate them with data, and manipulate the data is called a ________.

Answer 9

database management system (DBMS)

Question 10

The program used to build databases, populate them with data, and manipulate the data is called a _____.

Answer 10

database management system (DBMS)

Question 11

Data is accessed in a database by sending messages called _____, which request data from specific records and/or fields and direct the computer to display the results.

Answer 11

queries

Question 12

The _________ consists of tables. Its roots are in relational algebra, but you do not have to know relational algebra to build and use them.

Answer 12

relational database model

Question 13

A ___ is a field whose values identify records either for display or for processing.

Answer 13

key

Question 14

A _____ combines data from two or more tables.

Answer 14

join table

Question 15

A _____ is the field by which records in a table are uniquely identified. If your query specified that you wanted the record whose CustomerID value is 36003, the system would retrieve the record of the person you wanted, even if there are more records of people with the same name.

Answer 15

primary key

Question 16

A _____ is a combination of two or more fields that together serves as a primary key, because it is impractical to use a single field as a primary key.

Answer 16

composite key

Question 17

A ____ is created when a group of employees belongs to only one department. All would have the same department number as a foreign key in their records, and none will have more than one department key.

Answer 17

one-to-many relationship

Question 18

A ______ can be maintained, for instance, for professors and students in a college database as a professor might have many students, and a student might have many professors.

Answer 18

many-to-many relationship

Question 19

The ______ uses the object-oriented approach to maintaining records.

Answer 19

object-oriented database model

Question 20

The combined storage of both data and the procedures that manipulate them is referred to as ______.

Answer 20

encapsulation

Question 21

The ability in object-oriented structures to create a new object automatically by replicating all or some of the characteristics of a previously developed object (called the parent object) is called _______.

Answer 21

inheritance

Question 22

A _______ creates a temporary table that is a subset of the original table or tables. It allows you to create a report containing records that satisfy a condition, create a list with only some fields about an entity, or product a report from a join table, which combines relevant data from two or more tables. If so desired, the user can save the newly created table.

Answer 22

relational operation

Question 23

The three most important relational operations are ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 23

select
project
join

Question 24

____ is the selection of records that meet certain conditions. For example, a human resources manager might need a report showing the entire record of every employee whose salary exceeds $60,000.

Answer 24

Select

Question 25

______ is the selection of certain columns from a table, such as the salaries of all the employees.

Answer 25

Project

Question 26

In relational model, the joining of data from multiple tables is a called a ____.

Answer 26

join

Question 27

________ has become the query language of choice for many developers of relational DBMSs. It is an international standard and is provided with most relational database management programs.

Answer 27

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Question 28

The _____ describes the structure of the database being designed: the names and types of fields in each record type and the general relationships among different sets of records or files.

Answer 28

schema

Question 29

The description of each table structure and types of fields become part of a _____, which is a repository of information about the data and their organization.

Answer 29

data dictionary

Question 30

The information describing each field can be called as _____. It includes the source of the data including contact information, population rules: what is inserted, or updated, and how often, etc.

Answer 30

metadata (data about the data)

Question 31

Analyzing an organization’s data and identifying the relationships among the data is called _____.

Answer 31

data modeling

Question 32

Effective data modeling and design of each database involves the creation of a conceptual blueprint of the database. Such a blueprint is called an _______.

Answer 32

entity relationship diagram (ERD)

It is a graphical representation of all entity relationships, and they are often consulted to determine a problem with a query or to implement changes.

Question 33

Transaction data can be used for important management decisions, such as researching market trends or tracking down fraud. Organizing and storing data for such purposes is called _______.

Answer 33

data warehousing

Question 34

A _______ is a large, typically relational, database that supports management decision making.

Answer 34

data warehouse

Question 35

Organizations often set up their data warehouse as a collection of _____, smaller collections of data that focus on a particular subject or department.

Answer 35

data marts

Question 36

Three phases are involved in transferring data from a transactional database to a data warehouse: ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 36

extraction
transforming
loading

Question 37

In the ____ phase, the builders create the files from transactional databases and save them on the server that holds the data warehouse.

Answer 37

extraction

Question 38

In the _____ phase, specialists “cleanse” the data and modify it into a form that allows insertion into the data warehouse. For instance, they will check if the data contains any spelling errors and fix them, and also make sure that all data is consistent.

Answer 38

transformation

Question 39

In the _____ phase, the specialists transfer the transformed files to the data warehouse. They then compare the data in the data warehouses with the original data to confirm completeness.

Answer 39

loading

Question 40

_____ is a magnification of expansion of the amount, types, and level of detail that is collected and stored. It is data specifically collected about and from individuals.

Answer 40

Big Data

The collection and storage of ever-more detailed quantities of data.

Question 41

______ is a data mining method that uses a combination of natural language processing, computational linguistics, and text analytics to identify and extract subjective information in source materials.

Answer 41

Sentiment analysis