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Biology 9 > Chapter 7 Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

England 1665

Looked at cork, saw many empty chambers and called the cells

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2
Q

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

A

Holland- around 1665

observed living organisms under a microscope

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3
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A

botanist, all plants are made of cells

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4
Q

Theodore Schwann

A

biologist, all animals are made of cells

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5
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

physician, new cells can be produced from the division of other cells

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6
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • all living things are made of cells
  • cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
  • new cells are produced from existing cells
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7
Q

Compound light microscope

A

Light passes through an organism and uses 2 lenses

  • objective lens
  • ocular lens
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8
Q

Compound light microscope limitations

A
  • resolution of the image
  • only magnification of 1000x
  • need to use stains or dyes for most cells
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9
Q

Electron microscopes

A

use electrons focused by a magnetic field instead of light

higher resolution

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10
Q

transmission electron microscopes

A
  • electrons travel straight through a specimen
  • used to see cell structures and protein molecules
  • images are 2-D
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11
Q

Scanning electron microscopes

A
  • Electrons scan the surface of the specimen

- Images are 3-D

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12
Q

all cells contain…

A

DNA

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13
Q

DNA

A

biological molecule that carries information

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14
Q

all cells are surrounded by…

A

cell membrane (plasma membrane)

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15
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • smaller in size
  • simple structure
  • no nucleus
  • example: bacteria
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16
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • larger in size
  • complex structure
  • contain many structures (organelles)
  • specialized membranes
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17
Q

Nucleus and cytoplasm work together to…

A

help a cell function

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18
Q

Nucleus description

A
  • surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane
  • shape is maintained by skeleton called a nuclear matrix
  • filled with fluid known as nucleoplasm
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19
Q

Nucleus location and size

A

Location- in the cytosol

Size- most prominent structure

  • double membrane called nuclear envelope
  • shape is maintained by a skeleton called nuclear matrix
  • filled with fluid known as nucleoplasm
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20
Q

Nucleus function

A

STORE HEREDITARY INFORMATION

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21
Q

chromotin

A
  • Combination of DNA and proteins

- Coils up to chromosomes for cell division

22
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • synthesis of ribosomes

- concentrated DNA when making ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

23
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • large, saclike, membrane enclosed structures

- some cells have one central vacuole and others have many smaller ones

24
Q

Vacuoles function

A

store water, salt, proteins and carbohydrates

25
Q

Vesicles

A

smaller membrane enclosed structures

26
Q

Vesicles function

A

store and move materials between or to and from cell organelles

27
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • made by Golgi
  • contain digestive enzymes
  • involved in embryonic development
28
Q

Lysosomes function

A
  • breakdown proteins, nucleus acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • digest old cells (autolysis) or old organelles (autophagy)
29
Q

Cytoskeleton location and size

A

Location- within the cytosol

Size-spans the entire length of cell (provides a framework)

30
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A
  • provide structure to maintain shape and size

- participates in movement of organelles in the cytosol

31
Q

Microfilaments

A

chains of actin (protein) molecules

-cell movement and contraction of muscle cells

32
Q

Microtubules

A
  • made of tubulin (protein)
  • extend from central point
  • from spindle fiber and centrioles during cell division
  • from cilla and flagella for movement of cells
33
Q

Ribosomes description

A
  • made in nucleolus, completed in cytoplasm

- no membrane around it- evolution (pro cells)

34
Q

Ribosomes location and size

A

Location- scattered throughout the cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Size- relatively small and most numerous
(made of RNA and protein)

35
Q

Ribosomes function

A

protein synthesis

36
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum location

A

within the cytosol, sometimes attached to the nucleus

37
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Intracellular highway- a path for molecules to move from one part to another

38
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum description

A

cisternae- membrane tubes and sacs

39
Q

Rough ER

A
  • produces phospholipids and proteins

- prominent in cells that export large amounts of proteins from the cell or used in cell’s own membranes

40
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • synthesis of lipids (cholesterol)
  • synthesis of steroids (hormones) in glands
  • regulate calcium levels in muscles (heart and skeletal)
  • breakdown toxic substances (drug/alcohol) in liver cells
41
Q

difference between rough and smooth ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes

42
Q

Golgi Bodies location and appearance

A

Location- within the cytosol

Appearance- system of membranes; series of flattened sacs

43
Q

Golgi Body function

A

works with the ER to modify proteins for transport from cell

(adding a carbohydrate or lipid to the protein ect.)

44
Q

Chloroplasts

A

organelle with a double membrane (contains DNA)

  • system of thylakoids (flattened membranes) in stacks (grams)
  • contain chlorophyll- pigment that captures light energy
46
Q

Chloroplast function

A
  • capture energy from light and convert it into food that contains chemical energy
  • site of photosynthesis
47
Q

Chloroplasts location

A

Location- within the cytosol

48
Q

Mitochondria location and size

A

Location- scattered throughout the cytosol

Size-relatively large

49
Q

Mitochondria function

A
  • site of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compound to ATP
  • responsible for producing 95% of energy for a cell to function
50
Q

2 mitochondria membranes

A

Outer- serves as a boundary between mitochondria and cytosol
Inner- long folds called cristae, which increases surface area for chemical reactions to take place

51
Q

Mitochondria DNA

A
  • can produce on their own
  • only get it from your mom
  • theory of endosymbiosis

Biology 9 (6 decks)

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