Chapter 7 Cells

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

England 1665

Looked at cork, saw many empty chambers and called the cells

Question 2

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

Holland- around 1665

observed living organisms under a microscope

Question 3

Matthias Schleiden

Answer 3

botanist, all plants are made of cells

Question 4

Theodore Schwann

Answer 4

biologist, all animals are made of cells

Question 5

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 5

physician, new cells can be produced from the division of other cells

Question 6

Cell Theory

Answer 6

• all living things are made of cells
• cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
• new cells are produced from existing cells

Question 7

Compound light microscope

Answer 7

Light passes through an organism and uses 2 lenses

• objective lens
• ocular lens

Question 8

Compound light microscope limitations

Answer 8

• resolution of the image
• only magnification of 1000x
• need to use stains or dyes for most cells

Question 9

Electron microscopes

Answer 9

use electrons focused by a magnetic field instead of light

higher resolution

Question 10

transmission electron microscopes

Answer 10

• electrons travel straight through a specimen
• used to see cell structures and protein molecules
• images are 2-D

Question 11

Scanning electron microscopes

Answer 11

• Electrons scan the surface of the specimen

- Images are 3-D

Question 12

all cells contain…

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

DNA

Answer 13

biological molecule that carries information

Question 14

all cells are surrounded by…

Answer 14

cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Question 15

Prokaryotes

Answer 15

• smaller in size
• simple structure
• no nucleus
• example: bacteria

Question 16

Eukaryotes

Answer 16

• larger in size
• complex structure
• contain many structures (organelles)
• specialized membranes

Question 17

Nucleus and cytoplasm work together to…

Answer 17

help a cell function

Question 18

Nucleus description

Answer 18

• surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope or nuclear membrane
• shape is maintained by skeleton called a nuclear matrix
• filled with fluid known as nucleoplasm

Question 19

Nucleus location and size

Answer 19

Location- in the cytosol

Size- most prominent structure

• double membrane called nuclear envelope
• shape is maintained by a skeleton called nuclear matrix
• filled with fluid known as nucleoplasm

Question 20

Nucleus function

Answer 20

STORE HEREDITARY INFORMATION

Question 21

chromotin

Answer 21

• Combination of DNA and proteins

- Coils up to chromosomes for cell division

Question 22

Nucleolus

Answer 22

• synthesis of ribosomes

- concentrated DNA when making ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 23

Vacuoles

Answer 23

• large, saclike, membrane enclosed structures

- some cells have one central vacuole and others have many smaller ones

Question 24

Vacuoles function

Answer 24

store water, salt, proteins and carbohydrates

Question 25

Vesicles

Answer 25

smaller membrane enclosed structures

Question 26

Vesicles function

Answer 26

store and move materials between or to and from cell organelles

Question 27

Lysosomes

Answer 27

- made by Golgi - contain digestive enzymes - involved in embryonic development

Question 28

Lysosomes function

Answer 28

- breakdown proteins, nucleus acids, carbohydrates, and lipids - digest old cells (autolysis) or old organelles (autophagy)

Question 29

Cytoskeleton location and size

Answer 29

Location- within the cytosol | Size-spans the entire length of cell (provides a framework)

Question 30

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 30

- provide structure to maintain shape and size | - participates in movement of organelles in the cytosol

Question 31

Microfilaments

Answer 31

chains of actin (protein) molecules | -cell movement and contraction of muscle cells

Question 32

Microtubules

Answer 32

- made of tubulin (protein) - extend from central point - from spindle fiber and centrioles during cell division - from cilla and flagella for movement of cells

Question 33

Ribosomes description

Answer 33

- made in nucleolus, completed in cytoplasm | - no membrane around it- evolution (pro cells)

Question 34

Ribosomes location and size

Answer 34

Location- scattered throughout the cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum Size- relatively small and most numerous (made of RNA and protein)

Question 35

Ribosomes function

Answer 35

protein synthesis

Question 36

Endoplasmic Reticulum location

Answer 36

within the cytosol, sometimes attached to the nucleus

Question 37

Endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 37

Intracellular highway- a path for molecules to move from one part to another

Question 38

Endoplasmic reticulum description

Answer 38

cisternae- membrane tubes and sacs

Question 39

Rough ER

Answer 39

- produces phospholipids and proteins | - prominent in cells that export large amounts of proteins from the cell or used in cell's own membranes

Question 40

Smooth ER

Answer 40

- synthesis of lipids (cholesterol) - synthesis of steroids (hormones) in glands - regulate calcium levels in muscles (heart and skeletal) - breakdown toxic substances (drug/alcohol) in liver cells

Question 41

difference between rough and smooth ER

Answer 41

Rough ER has ribosomes

Question 42

Golgi Bodies location and appearance

Answer 42

Location- within the cytosol | Appearance- system of membranes; series of flattened sacs

Question 43

Golgi Body function

Answer 43

works with the ER to modify proteins for transport from cell (adding a carbohydrate or lipid to the protein ect.)

Question 44

Chloroplasts

Answer 44

organelle with a double membrane (contains DNA) - system of thylakoids (flattened membranes) in stacks (grams) - contain chlorophyll- pigment that captures light energy

Question 46

Chloroplast function

Answer 46

- capture energy from light and convert it into food that contains chemical energy - site of photosynthesis

Question 47

Chloroplasts location

Answer 47

Location- within the cytosol

Question 48

Mitochondria location and size

Answer 48

Location- scattered throughout the cytosol | Size-relatively large

Question 49

Mitochondria function

Answer 49

- site of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compound to ATP - responsible for producing 95% of energy for a cell to function

Question 50

2 mitochondria membranes

Answer 50

Outer- serves as a boundary between mitochondria and cytosol Inner- long folds called cristae, which increases surface area for chemical reactions to take place

Question 51

Mitochondria DNA

Answer 51

- can produce on their own - only get it from your mom - theory of endosymbiosis