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Biology 9 > Chapter 10 Cell Growth & Division > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Cell Growth & Division Flashcards

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1
Q

why do cells divide?

A
  • larger cell puts more demand on DNA

- larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across cell membrane

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2
Q

why is a cell’s size limited?

A

food, oxygen, and water enter the cell through its membrane and waste products exit through the same membrane. This depends on the surface area of the cell and the rate in which food and oxygen are used up and waste products are produced depends on the cell’s volume.

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3
Q

cell division

A

the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

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4
Q

reproduction

A

the formation of new individuals

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5
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent (ex. bacteria, hydra, kalanchoe)

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6
Q

sexual reproduction

A

cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism (ex. humans, most animals, and most plants)

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7
Q

how many cells are produced a day by a fully developed human body?

A

about 2 trillion

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8
Q

chromosomes

A

genetic information bundled up into packages of DNA

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9
Q

prokaryotic cells and chromosomes

A
  • usually have one
  • circular in shape
  • found in nucleoid (attached to inside of cell membrane)
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10
Q

eukaryotic cells and chromosomes

A
  • made of DNA and proteins
  • linear in shape
  • system of cooling into compact DNA to fit inside nucleus
  • one chromosome = one DNA molecule
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11
Q

histones

A

proteins around which the chromosome wraps to compact it’s length

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12
Q

chromatids and centromeres

A
  • chromosome and it’s exact copy (little v’s that connect to make x’s)
  • protein disk which connects chromatids together (middle piece)
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13
Q

cell cycle

A

repeating set of events in a cell’s life. process of growing, preparing for division, and dividing.

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14
Q

prokaryotic cells divide through…

A

binary fission

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15
Q

steps of binary fission

A

1) DNA is copied
2) cell membrane grows between the two copies of DNA
3) cell grows
4) new cell wall forms
5) it divides into two daughter cells

(takes 20 minutes)

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16
Q

3 phases of eukaryotic cell division

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

17
Q

interphase

A

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

18
Q

steps of interphase

A

G1, S, G2, G0

19
Q

G1

A
  • 90% of cells right now
  • grows following a division
  • make new proteins & organelles
20
Q

S

A
  • synthesis
  • DNA is copied
  • chromosomes are connected to its copy by centromeres (sister chromatids)
21
Q

G2

A
  • more cell growth
  • production of molecules
  • cell prepares to divide
22
Q

G0

A

can follow G1 for certain cells which do not divide (ex. nerve, muscle, immune system cells)

23
Q

mitosis

A

park of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

24
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

25
Q

prophase

A
  • longest stage
  • genetic material becomes duplicated and connected to a centromere (chromatid)
  • chromosomes become visible
  • spindle forms
26
Q

metaphase

A
  • centromeres line up across the center of the cell

- spindle fibers connect the centromere to two poles of the spindle

27
Q

anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids separate
  • now are considered individual chromosomes
  • chromosomes separate into two groups at the opposite ends of the cell
28
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes begin to spread out into chromatin

- nuclear membrane reforms and nucleolus reappears

29
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

30
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A
  • occurs during telophase

- divides one cell into two

31
Q

cytokinesis in animals

A

Outside gets pinched in

32
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A
  • cell plate forms halfway between the divided nuclei
  • plate develops into membrane
  • cell wall forms in between
33
Q

cyclin

A

a protein that regulates the cell cycle

34
Q

the cell cycle is controlled by ___________ _________ both inside and outside of the cell

A

regulartory proteins

35
Q

internal regulators allow the cell cycle to proceed only when…

A

certain events have occurred

ex. cells don’t enter mitosis until chromosomes have replicated

36
Q

external regulators direct cells to…

A

speed up or slow down

Biology 9 (6 decks)

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