Chapter 7: Cell Signaling and Communication

Question 1

signal transduction pathway

Answer 1

sequence of molecular events and chemical reactions that lead to a cells response to a signal

Question 2

autocrine

Answer 2

signals affect the cells that made them

Question 3

paracrine

Answer 3

signals that affect nearby cells

Question 4

endocrine

Answer 4

signals are when hormones travel to distant cells

Question 5

signal transduction pathway

Answer 5

involves signal, receptor and response

Question 6

cytoplasmic receptors

Answer 6

small or non polar ligand can diffuse across plasma membrane

Question 7

membrane receptors

Answer 7

large or polar ligands bind to plasma membrane receptors

Question 8

type of plasma membrane receptors

Answer 8

ion channels
protein kinase receptors
G protein-linked receptors

Question 9

ion channel receptors

Answer 9

channel proteins that allow ions to enter or leave a cell

Question 10

protein kinase receptors

Answer 10

some receptors become protein kinases–they phosphorylate and/or other proteins

Question 11

g-linked protein receptors

Answer 11

ligand binding changes the shape of the cytoplasmic region

Question 12

g proteins

Answer 12

mobile membrane proteins with 3 subunits

Question 13

cytoplasmic receptios

Answer 13

bind ligands that can cross the plasma membrane

Question 14

protein kinase cascade

Answer 14

pathway in which one protein kinase activates the next and so on
Ras: GTPase
Raf: Kinase
MEK: Kinase
MAPK: Kinase

Question 15

Second Messengers

Answer 15

discovered in research on the liver enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, and how it is activated by epinephrine

Question 16

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Answer 16

can act as a second messenger

Question 17

cells alter the balance of signaling by:

Answer 17

synthesis or breakdown of the enzymes

activation or inhibition of the enzymes by other molecules