Chapter 7: Carbohydrates

Question 1

They define the single sugar units of glucose, fructose, and galactose and represent the absorbable forms of carbohydrates for the body

Answer 1

Monosaccharides

Question 2

They define pairs of sugar units. The three nutritionally important ones to humans are sucrose, maltose, and lactose

Answer 2

Disaccharides

Question 3

They define glucose chains longer than 10 units in length, but they can be as large as several thousand glucose units in length

Answer 3

Polysaccharides

Question 4

They define sugar units ranging from 3 to 10 units in length and are largely indigestible to humans

Answer 4

Oligosaccharides

Question 5

A straight-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules

Answer 5

Amylose

Question 6

A branched-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules

Answer 6

Amylopectin

Question 7

A type of dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a gel, associated with heart health benefits and glucose control

Answer 7

Soluble Fiber

Question 8

A type of dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water, associated with promoting bowel regularity

Answer 8

Insoluble fiber

Question 9

A condition that occurs when pockets of collected stool called diverticula form in the walls of the digestive tract, forcing the inner layer of the intestinal wall to push through its outer lining

Answer 9

Diverticulosis

Question 10

a compound derived from isolated indigestible fiber to potentially provide some of the health-promoting benefits of natural fiber

Answer 10

Functional Fiber

Question 11

the storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located in muscle and liver cells

Answer 11

Glycogen

Question 12

The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways

Answer 12

Glycogenolysis

Question 13

The process of forming glycogen from glucose

Answer 13

Glycogenesis

Question 14

the primary storage and transportable form of fats int eh body, composed of three free fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone

Answer 14

Triglycerides

Question 15

A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates

Answer 15

Ketones

Question 16

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids

Answer 16

Gluconeogenesis

Question 17

a mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the swallowing process

Answer 17

bolus

Question 18

it is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs. it is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum

Answer 18

Duodenum

Question 19

The partially digested, semi-fluid mass of food expelled by the stomach to the duodenum

Answer 19

Chyme

Question 20

It is the section of the small intestine where digestion and absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum

Answer 20

Jejunum

Question 21

It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine

Answer 21

Brush border

Question 22

These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body’s surface area for absorption of nutrients

Answer 22

Villi

Question 23

The vein that transports blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and the intestinal tract to the liver

Answer 23

Hepatic portal vein

Question 24

A liver disease marked by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue that is a result of alcohol abuse

Answer 24

Cirrhosis

Question 25

The development of a fatty liver resulting from excessive quantities of fats being deposited from causes that exclude alcohol

Answer 25

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 26

a condition of an abnormally high blood glucose (blood sugar) level in the blood

Answer 26

hyperglycemia

Question 27

A condition of an abnormally low blood glucose (blood sugar) level in the blood

Answer 27

hypoglycemia

Question 28

The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways

Answer 28

Glycogenolysis

Question 29

a condition in which the pancreas produces little to no insulin

Answer 29

Type 1 diabetes

Question 30

the breakdown of nutrients to release energy

Answer 30

Catabolic

Question 31

a method for determining how the quantity of carbohydrates consumed impact blood sugar levels

Answer 31

Glycemic load