Chapter 7: Carbohydrates Flashcards
They define the single sugar units of glucose, fructose, and galactose and represent the absorbable forms of carbohydrates for the body
Monosaccharides
They define pairs of sugar units. The three nutritionally important ones to humans are sucrose, maltose, and lactose
Disaccharides
They define glucose chains longer than 10 units in length, but they can be as large as several thousand glucose units in length
Polysaccharides
They define sugar units ranging from 3 to 10 units in length and are largely indigestible to humans
Oligosaccharides
A straight-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules
Amylose
A branched-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules
Amylopectin
A type of dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a gel, associated with heart health benefits and glucose control
Soluble Fiber
A type of dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water, associated with promoting bowel regularity
Insoluble fiber
A condition that occurs when pockets of collected stool called diverticula form in the walls of the digestive tract, forcing the inner layer of the intestinal wall to push through its outer lining
Diverticulosis
a compound derived from isolated indigestible fiber to potentially provide some of the health-promoting benefits of natural fiber
Functional Fiber
the storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located in muscle and liver cells
Glycogen
The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways
Glycogenolysis
The process of forming glycogen from glucose
Glycogenesis
the primary storage and transportable form of fats int eh body, composed of three free fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone
Triglycerides
A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates
Ketones
A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
a mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the swallowing process
bolus
it is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs. it is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum
Duodenum
The partially digested, semi-fluid mass of food expelled by the stomach to the duodenum
Chyme
It is the section of the small intestine where digestion and absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum
Jejunum
It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine
Brush border
These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body’s surface area for absorption of nutrients
Villi
The vein that transports blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and the intestinal tract to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
A liver disease marked by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue that is a result of alcohol abuse
Cirrhosis
