Chapter 6: Protein

Question 1

the process of achieving, or the state of, equilibrium between acidic and alkaline molecules

Answer 1

Acid-base balance

Question 2

Process of communication between cells by biological messengers to govern cellular function

Answer 2

Cell signaling

Question 3

Chemical structures containing only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and/or nitrogen

Answer 3

Organic molecules

Question 4

The organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group

Answer 4

Amino acids

Question 5

Amino acids that are necessary for bodily functions but cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet

Answer 5

Essential amino acid (EAA)

Question 6

The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure

Answer 6

Branched chain amino acid

Question 7

Amino acids that are not typically essential, but can become essential during times of extreme dietary insufficiency, illness or trauma

Answer 7

Conditionally essential amino acids

Question 8

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet

Answer 8

Nonessential amino acids

Question 9

A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids

Answer 9

Gluconeogenesis

Question 10

Process of joining amino acids with peptide bonds to form proteins

Answer 10

Protein synthesis

Question 11

The joining of two large molecules by removing one hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group (OH) from another molecule and then binding the two larger molecules together on the newly freed bonds

Answer 11

Dehydration synthesis

Question 12

The bond between two amino acids, occurring between the carboxyl group of one and the amino group of the other

Answer 12

Peptide bond

Question 13

Breakdown of one large molecule into two smaller molecules via the donation of one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group from water to the smaller molecules, respectively

Answer 13

Hydrolysis

Question 14

a chain of two amino acids

Answer 14

Dipeptide

Question 15

A chain of three amino acids

Answer 15

Tripeptide

Question 16

A chain of four to nine amino acids

Answer 16

Oligopeptide

Question 17

A chain of 10 or more amino acids

Answer 17

Polypeptide

Question 18

The process of changing a protein’s shape

Answer 18

Denaturation

Question 19

A hormone released when food is ingested to stimulate release of digestive fluids

Answer 19

Gastrin

Question 20

A proenzyme secreted by the stomach as a precursor to pepsin

Answer 20

Pepsinogen

Question 21

An enzyme in the stomach that begins breaking peptide bonds

Answer 21

Pepsin

Question 22

It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs, and it is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum

Answer 22

Duodenum

Question 23

A hormone that stimulates the liver and pancreas to produce bile and bicarbonate; it inhibits gastrin release

Answer 23

Secretin

Question 24

A hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes release of enzymes and bile

Answer 24

Cholecrystokinin

Question 25

Enzymes in the small intestine that break long peptide chains into shorter peptide chains

Answer 25

Protease Enzymes

Question 26

An enzyme that breaks down small peptides

Answer 26

Peptidase

Question 27

Enzymes that cleave individual amino acids from a peptide chain so they may be absorbed

Answer 27

Aminopeptidases

Question 28

A protein formed of a triple-helix structure with great tensile strength, found primarily in skin, muscles/connective tissue, and bones

Answer 28

Collagen

Question 29

Ability of a material to resist breaking under tension

Answer 29

Tensile strength

Question 30

A protein with high elasticity, found mainly in the skin

Answer 30

Elastin

Question 31

A protein found in hair and nails

Answer 31

Keratin

Question 32

a protein found on the cell membrane that transports sodium and potassium to create eletrochemical gradients across the membrane

Answer 32

Sodium-potassium pump

Question 33

a protein found in the blood stream that helps draw water into the blood vessel from surrounding tissue

Answer 33

Albumin

Question 33

An iron-containing protein found on red blood cells, binds oxygen and other molecules for transport in the blood

Answer 33

hemoglobin

Question 34

amount of nutrient needed to meet the needs of almost all individuals in an age-sex group

Answer 34

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Question 35

the quantity of essential amino acids found in, and the digestibility of, a protein

Answer 35

Protein quality

Question 36

A protein that contains sufficient quantities of all essential amino acids

Answer 36

Complete protein

Question 37

Two incomplete proteins that, when consumed together, mimic a complete protein by providing all essential amino acids

Answer 37

Complementary protein