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BIOL 2401 - Lone Star > Chapter 7: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

List and describe important functions of bones

A

support, levers for movement, hematopoiesis, storage for minerals and energy reserves

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2
Q

What is the general gross anatomy of a long bone?

A

diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, metaphysics, periosteum, endosteum, perforating fibers

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3
Q

What are the locations and functions of red bone marrow?

A

children - located in spongy bone and compact bone, in adults - located in axial skeleton; contains reticular tissue and adipocytes; developing blood cells

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4
Q

What are the locations and functions of yellow bone marrow?

A

contains mostly adipocytes and some red blood cells

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5
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface of epiphysis

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6
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

a tough sheath that covers the outer surface of bone except for the areas covered my articular cartilage

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7
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

a very thin layer of connective tissue containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts; it covers all internal surface of medullary cavity

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8
Q

What is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and an epiphyseal line?

A

growth plate; it is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides for the continued lengthwise growth of the bone; in adults it turns into an epiphyseal line

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9
Q

What is the general gross anatomy of a flat bone?

A

covered by periosteum, has two sides of compact bone with a. spongy inside called the diploë;

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10
Q

How is a flat bone different from a long bone?

A

no medullar cavity in flat bone

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11
Q

What is an osteon?

A

functional unit of compact bone tissue

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12
Q

What are lamellae?

A

layer of bone connective tissue; forms concentric rings

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13
Q

What is the central canal?

A

a channel located in the center of the osteon where blood vessels and nerves travel through

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14
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

small space, cavity, or depression.

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15
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

interconnecting channels within the bone connective tissue that connect with other lacunae; they house osteocytes

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16
Q

Explain the histology of spongy bone

A

contains no osteons; has trabeculae (crisscrossing bars), bone marrow, and parallel lamellae; nutrients reach osteocytes by diffusion through cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes

17
Q

What is the location and function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

developed from mesenchyme and develops into osteoblasts; when cell divides, one cell remains an osteoprogenitor cell while the other becomes an osteoblast; located in periosteum and endosteum

18
Q

What is the location and function of osteoblasts?

A

synthesizing and secreting osteoid; after being entrapped within matrix they produce, they differentiate into osteocytes

19
Q

What is the location and function of osteoclasts?

A

located in or adjacent to a resorption lacuna; they are involved in bone resorption

20
Q

What is the chemical composition of bone?

A

organic = osteoid, inorganic = hydroxyapatite

21
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

crystals that are made up of salt crystal that are primarily calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide. hydroxyapatite hardens the matrix and accounts for rigidity of bone

22
Q

Explain the method of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme beginning at the eighth week of development
  2. osteoid undergoes calcification
  3. Woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form
  4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form
23
Q

Explain the method of endochondral ossification

A
  1. A hyaline cartilage model of bone forms
  2. Bone first replaces hyaline cartilage in the diaphysis
  3. Next, bone replaces hyaline cartilage in the epiphyses
  4. Eventually, bone replaces hyaline cartilage everywhere, except the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
  5. By a person’s late 20s, all epiphyseal plates typically have ossified, and lengthwise bone growth is complete
24
Q

What is the process (zones) of long bone growth that occurs at the epiphyseal plates?

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  4. Zone of calcified storage
  5. Zone of ossification
25
Q

What is the location and function of osteoblasts during bone remodeling process?

A

secrete osteoid

26
Q

What is the location and function of osteocytes during bone remodeling process?

A

maintain bone matrix

27
Q

What is the location and function of osteoclasts during bone remodeling process?

A

destroy bone to release calcium into blood stream

28
Q

What are normal levels of blood calcium?

A

8.9 mg/dL < x < 101 mg/dL

29
Q

How is calcium homeostasis maintained?

A

Hormone regulation – caclitriol and PTH

30
Q

What regulates bone remodeling?

A

mechanical stress and hormones

31
Q

How does stress regulate bone remodeling?

A

bone strength increases over a period of time in response to mechanical stress; weight-bearing activities help build and retain bone mass and positive effect on bone density

32
Q

How do hormones regulate bone remodeling?

A

Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones, glucocorticoids, serotonin, PTH, calcitriol, and calcitonin

33
Q

Describe the four steps of fracture repair

A
  1. Fracture hematoma forms
  2. A fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
  3. A hard (bony) callus forms
  4. The bone is remodeled
34
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

decrease in bone mass

35
Q

What is Rickets?

A

vitamin D deficiency

36
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Bone demineralized

37
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Bones grow larger and become weaker

38
Q

What is the process of appositional growth?

A

occurs within periosteum; osteoblasts in inner cellular of layer produce and deposit bone matrix within layers parallel to the surface Called external circumferential lamellae; as ELC increases, diameter increases and bone becomes wider; continues through an individual’s lifetime

BIOL 2401 - Lone Star (4 decks)

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