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BIOL 2401 - Lone Star > Chapter 6: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the integument?

A
  1. Protection from External Environment (Physical barrier)
  2. Prevention of Water Loss and Water Gain (transpiration)
  3. Vitamin D Synthesis (Vitamin D –> cholecalciferol –> calcitriol)
  4. Secretion (sweat, sebum)
  5. Absorption (transdermal administration)
  6. Temperature regulation (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
  7. Immune Function (epidermal dendritic cells)
  8. Sensory reception (tactile sensory receptors)
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2
Q

Name the tissue types that compose the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

A

stratified squamous epithelium, areolar & dense regular connective tissue, adipose connective tissue

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3
Q

List the four major types of cells that make up the epidermis and their functions

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells, dendritic cells

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4
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum basale?

A

basal layer, simple cuboidalor low columnar cells connected to basement membrane; keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum spinosum?

A

spindly layer; daughter cells of underlying keratinocytes stem cells; keratinocytes differentiate here; contains dendritic cells; all cells connected by desmosomes

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers, keratinization begins here; keratinization results in cell death

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum lucidum?

A

only in thick skin, 2-3 cell layers; keratinized cells are filled with eleiden which is a byproduct of keratinizaiton

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of stratum corneum?

A

20-30 layers of dead anucleated, keratinized cells; 2 weeks to get keratinized cells, 2 weeks to shed keratinized cells; exocrine sweat glands secretions prevent microorganism growth

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis from deep to superficial?

A

reticular layer & papillary layer

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11
Q

What are characteristics of the dermal papillary layer?

A

areolar connective tissue; has dermal papillae and epidermal ridges that interlock and increase the area of contact between epidermis and dermis; each papilla contains capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis; has sensory nerve cells

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the dermal reticular layer?

A

dense irregular connective tissue; large bundles of collagen fibers that extend in all directions; surrounds hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nerves, and blood vessels

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13
Q

What structures are found in the dermis?

A

connective tissue proper and collagen fibers, dendritic cells, blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, arrector pili

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14
Q

How are fingerprints formed?

A

friction ridges left behind due to sweat and oil glands releasing secretions; unique identifiers to individual

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15
Q

What factors normally contribute to skin color?

A

hemoglobin (red), melanin (tan, black, brown: melanocyte activity), carotene (yellow-orange from beta-carotene foods)

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16
Q

What are freckles?

A

high melanocyte production

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17
Q

What are nevi?

A

mole; overgrowth of melanocytes; can sometimes become malignant

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18
Q

Describe jaundice in terms of skin coloring

A

yellow; liver

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19
Q

Describe cyanosis in terms of skin coloring

A

blue; lack of oxygen

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20
Q

Describe erythema in terms of skin coloring

A

red; physical exertion or strong emotions

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21
Q

What is albinism?

A

inherited recessive condition where the enzyme needed to produce melanin is nonfunctional; white hair, pale skin, pink irises

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22
Q

What are striae?

A

stretch marks

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23
Q

What is the location and function of Merker cells?

A

tactile cells; touch sense

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24
Q

What is the location and function of Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

low pressure touch; superficial closer to epidermis

25
Q

What is the location and function of Pacinian or Lamellated corpuscle?

A

high pressure touch; deep to dermis

26
Q

What is the location and function of free nerve ending?

A

most common sensory cell; unencapsulated dendrite

27
Q

What is the location and function of hair root plexus?

A

sensory cell for hair root

28
Q

What is the hair papilla?

A

part of hair bulb that has blood vessels and nerves

29
Q

What is the hair matrix?

A

generates keratinized cells of hair; in hair bulb

30
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

living epithelial cells; includes hair papilla and hair matrix

31
Q

What is the hair root?

A
32
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

hair

33
Q

What is the hair cortex?

A

covers surface of developing hair

34
Q

What is the hair cuticle?

A

covers hair cortex and hair shaft

35
Q

What is the hair follicle?

A

tube surrounding the hair root; outer connective tissue root sheath and inner epithelial tissue root

36
Q

What is arrector pili?

A

goosebump muscles that are attached to hair

37
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

actively growing part of nail

38
Q

What is the nail root?

A

where the grown part of the nail comes from

39
Q

What is the nail plate?

A

nail root and nail body

40
Q

What is the nail body?

A

the visible pink part of nail

41
Q

What is a lanula?

A

semilunar whitish area; proximal end of nail body

42
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

cuticle, proximal margin of nail

43
Q

What is hyponychium?

A

thickened stratum under free edge of nail

44
Q

What is the structure and locations of sweat glands?

A

simple, coiled tubular glands;
merocrine: everywhere
apocrine: axillae, pubic region, nipples, anal region

45
Q

What is the structure and location of oil glands?

A

holocrine glands near hair follicles

46
Q

What secretions come from merocrine sweat glands?

A

watery clear sweat, electrolytes

47
Q

What secretions come from apocrine sweat glands?

A

viscous, cloudy sweat that comes out of hair follices

48
Q

What secretions come from sebaceous glands?

A

sebum (oil)

49
Q

What are the three major types of skin cancers?

A

basal cell sarcoma, squamous cell sarcoma, malignant melanoma

50
Q

What is the ABCDE rule?

A

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving

51
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer? Does it metastasize?

A

Basal Cell Sarcoma; seldom metastasizes

52
Q

What is the most deadly skin cancer? How is it characterized?

A

malignant melanoma; changed in pre-existing mole; aggressively metastasizes

53
Q

What skin cancer arises from keratinocyte of the stratum spinosum?

A

squamous cell carcinoma;

54
Q

What are characteristics of a first degree burn?

A

affects epidermis; healing 3-5 days; no scarring

55
Q

What are characteristics of a second degree burn?

A

affects epidermis and part of dermis; healing 2-4 weeks; blisters and slight scarring

56
Q

What are characteristics of a third degree burn?

A

destruction of epidermis and dermis and subcutaneous layer; hospitalization necessary; treated for dehydration; may need skin graft

57
Q

What is the rule of nines and how is it used to asses burns?

A

used to estimate extent of burns on an adult, percentage adjusted for infants; very severe = >25% body with 2nd degree burns or >10% of body with 3rd degree burns, or 3rd degree burns are present on palms of hands, soles of feet, face or perineum

58
Q

How is the severity of burns determined?

A

depth of tissue involvement, page of patient, size and location of burn

BIOL 2401 - Lone Star (4 decks)

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