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BIOL 2401 - Lone Star > Chapter 5: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissues

A

Groups of cells working together toward a common funciton

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2
Q

Define histology

A

Study of tissues

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues and what are some general characteristics?

A

Epithelial (Surface, Linings and Secretions), Connective (Cells in a Supportive Matrix, Muscular(Movement), Nervous(Information transfer and Integration)

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?(6)

A

Cellularity, polarity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, extensive innervation, and high regeneration rate

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5
Q

What are the four main functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection, selective permeability, secretions, sensation

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6
Q

How do you classify epithelium?

A

Type of cell and amount of cell layers

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7
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium and indicate chief functions and locations

A

single layer of flat scaly cells; rapid diffusion and filtration; lining small blood vessels (endothelium), alveoli, serous membranes (mesothelium)

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8
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium and indicate chief functions and locations

A
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9
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium and indicate chief functions and locations

A

single layer with cells as tall as they are wide; absorption & secretion; lining of kidney tubules; secretory regions of most exocrine glands; surface of ovary

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10
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium and indicate chief functions and locations

A

multiple layers of flattened cells; basal cells and apical cells; keratinized or nonkeratinized; protection; epidermis of skin, lining of oral cavity, pharynx , larynx, esophagus, lining of vagina and anus

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11
Q

Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium and indicate chief functions and locations

A

multiple layers of cuboidal epithelium of cells that are as tall as they are wide; protection & secretion; ducts of most exocrine glands and ovarian follicles

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12
Q

Describe pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and indicate chief functions and locations

A

single layer of cells of varying heights, all cells connect to basement membrane but not all reach apical surface; have goblet cells that secrete mucin; protection & secretion of mucin; lining of larger airways of respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

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13
Q

Describe transitional epithelium and indicate chief functions and locations

A

packed together hexagonal cuboidal cells that vary depending on relax or distended; accommodates volume changes; lining of urinary bladder, ureters and part of urethra

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14
Q

Define gland

A

Either unicellular or multicellular organs that secrete substances either for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination from the body

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15
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands secrete products through a duct and onto a surface; Endocrine glands do not have ducts and deliver their products (hormones) directly into the blood stream

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16
Q

What is a unicellular gland? Give an example

A

Unicellular: Goblet Cells

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17
Q

What is a multicellular gland? Give an example?

A

Multicellular: Pituitary Gland

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18
Q

What are the three types of exocrine glands?

A

Merocrine glands (exocytosis, salivary glands), Apocrine glands (secretions form at tip of apical surface of cell; mammary glands), Holocrine glands (entire cell lost: sebaceous glands)

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19
Q

What are the common types of cells found in connective tissue?

A

resident cells and wandering cells

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20
Q

What are the resident cells in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, fixed macrophages

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21
Q

What are the wandering cells in connective tissue?

A

leukocytes

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22
Q

What are the common types of fibers found in connective tissue?

A

collagen (provide strength), reticular (provide stroma), elastic (provide elasticity)

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23
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

where connective tissue fibers and ground substance reside

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24
Q

What is ground substance?

A

amorphous nonliving material produced by connective tissue cells. make up of water and proteins

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25
Q

What proteins act as glue in the ground substance?

A

GAGs, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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26
Q

What are the 4 classes of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, supporting connective tissue, fluid connective tissue

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27
Q

What are the subtypes of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, Elastic, Reticular

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28
Q

What are the subtypes of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue

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29
Q

What are the subtypes of supporting connective tissue?

A

Bone and cartilage

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30
Q

What are the subtypes of fluid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph

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31
Q

What are the functions and locations of areolar connective tissue?

A

most abundant; fibroblasts, fixed and wandering macrophages, mast cells, abundant collagen fibers, some elastic fibers

32
Q

What are the functions and locations of adipose connective tissue?

A

fat tissue; brown = young, white = stores triglycerides; insulates, cushions against shock; adipocytes

33
Q

What are the functions and locations of reticular connective tissue?

A

structural network for spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; has reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and leukocytes

34
Q

What are the functions and locations of dense regular connective tissue?

A

abundant collagen fibers layered like lasagna, less blood vessels; tendons and ligaments

35
Q

What are the functions and locations of elastic dense irregular connective tissue?

A

abundance of collagen fibers in multiple directions, extensive blood supply; dermis

36
Q

What are the functions and locations of elastic connective tissue?

A

abundant elastic fibers; stretch and recoil; walls of large arteries like aorta

37
Q

What are the functions and locations of hyaline cartilage tissue?

A

nose, trachea, larynx, costal cartilage, ends of long bones, fetal skeleton

38
Q

What are the functions and locations of elastic cartilage?

A

abundant elastic fibers; ear, epiglottis

39
Q

What are the functions and locations of fibrocartilage?

A

abundant collagen fibers; sparse ground substance; weight-bearing for shock; cushion in vertebral discs, pubic symphysis and menisci of knee joint

40
Q

What are the functions and locations of bone?

A

serve as levers for body movement; compact bone & spongy bone; aka osseous connective tissue

41
Q

What are the functions and locations of blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

42
Q

What are the three different muscle tissue types found in the body?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle

43
Q

What are the functions and locations of smooth muscle tissue?

A

involuntary; lacks striations; hollow organs; grow and repair through mitosis; aka visceral muscle?

44
Q

What are the functions and locations of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

voluntary; striated; multinucleate; reduced ability to repair with cell division

45
Q

What are the functions and locations of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

short, branched cells with intercalated discs; minimal capacity for regeneration

46
Q

What are the two major types of cells found in nervous tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglia

47
Q

What are the characteristics, functions and locations of nervous tissue?

A

neurons: axon & dendrite, nucleus & organelles; neuroglia: protect, nourish, and support neurons

48
Q

What is the structure and function of cutaneous membrane?

A

largest: skin; protect internal organs and prevent water loss

49
Q

What is the structure and function of mucous membrane?

A

mucosa; lines passageways that lead out of body; has goblet cells; absorptive, protective, or secretory

50
Q

What is the structure and function of synovial membranes?

A

lines joints; secretes synovial fluid; reduce friction in bones, distributes nutrients to cartilage on articular surface of bone

51
Q

What is the structure and function of serous membranes?

A

lines body cavities; composed of mesothelium; serous fluid, parietal layer, visceral layer, serous cavity; reduces friction of opposing surfaces

52
Q

What is the process of tissue repair involved in normal healing of a wound?

A
53
Q

What is atrophy?

A

shrinking of tissue by a decrease in cell size or number

54
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

mature epithelium changes to a different form of mature epithelium

55
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

abnormal tissue development

56
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

formation of neoplasm (tumor)

57
Q

What is necrosis?

A

death of tissue, occurs due to tissue damage that is not reversible

58
Q

What is gangrene?

A
59
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis?

A
60
Q

What are stem cells?

A
61
Q

What is totipotency?

A
62
Q

What is pluripotent?

A
63
Q

What is multi potency?

A
64
Q

What is unipotency?

A
65
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A
66
Q

What is intestinal gangrene?

A
67
Q

What is dry gangrene?

A
68
Q

What is wet gangrene?

A
69
Q

What is gas gangrene?

A
70
Q

What is grafting?

A
71
Q

What is an autograft?

A
72
Q

What is a syngenetic graft?

A
73
Q

What is an allograft?

A
74
Q

What is a heterograft?

A
75
Q

What is a xenograft?

A

BIOL 2401 - Lone Star (4 decks)

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