Chapter 7: Birth Control Flashcards
a plant used in ancient Greece for preventing pregnancy was so popular it became extinct during the third or second century BCE
Silphium
what substances were ingested for contraception in many cultures
mercury and arsenic
who were the carrier people of BC?
Involved sending newly menstruating girls into seclusion in the wilderness for three/four years
Intercrural Intercourse/Soma
moving penis between thighs without penetration
what is the most commonly used contraceptive in Europe, India, china , and explain it. related to China’s family planning laws
infanticide - the crime of killing a child within a year of its birth
2 years in jail if found guilty in Canada’s Criminal Code of 1892 by doing this:
using, selling and disseminating contraception
Why is douching dangerous for contraception
rinse cannot reach the sperm already past the cervix, can lead to infection
What is pre-ejaculate, and does it contain sperm?
Pre-ejaculate, released when a male is sexually aroused, often contains motile sperm, which can potentially lead to fertilization even if ejaculation does not occur.
Why is the withdrawal method not very effective as a contraceptive?
The withdrawal method has a high failure rate, with around 1 in 5 chances of failing. It requires significant attention and self-control from the male to withdraw in time, which is difficult to consistently achieve. Additionally, pre-ejaculate may contain sperm. Sperm from semen released on the vulva can also enter the female reproductive system.
explain the one child per couple law in China
those who were rich enough to pay the financial penalties imposed for a second child were able to have two children
Gabriello Fallopio
Reusable condoms made from linen which were later made of animal intestines
Margaret Sanger
American nurse and activist who strongly believed in educating women about contraception
Coined the term birth control in 1914
Outlined as the voluntary control of conception by mechanical and/or chemical manes
What are hormonal contraceptives, and how do they work?
Hormonal contraceptives are reversible birth control methods that prevent pregnancy but do not protect against STIs. They work by inhibiting ovulation, altering the endometrium, and changing the consistency of cervical mucus to reduce the chances of pregnancy. They must be taken regularly, regardless of sexual activity.
What are the benefits and side effects of hormonal contraceptives?
most effective, regulates cycles, and in some cases causes amenorrhea, which is an absence of menstruation
side effects such as breast and cervical cancers, increased risk of vaginitis (with NuvaRing) and potential weight gain (Depo-Provera)
Hormonal side effects (breast tenderness, nausea, perception of mood changes)
Explain the Transdermal Contraceptive Patch
One patch is applied on the skin every week for 3 weeks, then a break for 1 week for menstruation. Failure Rate: Perfect: 0.3%, Typical: 9%
Combination Oral Contraceptive Pill
Pill is taken daily, with either a break for menstruation every 21 days or continuously . Failure Rate: Perfect: 0.3%; typical 9%
NuvaRing
Ring inserted into the vagina and placed at the cervix for 3 weeks, then removed for 1 week for menstruation. Failure: Perfect: 0.3%, Typical: 9%
MiniPill
Pill taken at approximately the same time every day, without breaks for menstruation
Failure: Perfect: 0.3%, Typical: 9%
Hormonal Contraceptives
- reversible methods of birth control that protect against pregnancy but not against STIs.
- Inhibit ovulation, altering the endometrium and/or the consistency of the cervical mucus
- Must be taken regularly whether or not the woman engages in sexual activity
- amenorrhea risk (loss of menstrutation)
- Linked with side effects such as breast and cervical cancers, increased risk of vaginitis (with NuvaRing) and potential weight gain (Depo-Provera)
Injectable (Depo-Provera)
Intramuscular injection by a health care provider every 3 months
Failure: Perfect 0.2%, Typical 6%
Pros: Need to remember only once every 3 months; reduced risk of endometrial cancer, endometriosis, chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and PMS
Cons: Potential weight gain and mood changes, decrease in bone mineral; density (which may improve after discontinuing)
Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System (LNG-IUS) (IUD)
T-shaped device with slow-release hormone inserted into the uterus by a physician, and a plastic string passes out through the cervix so that the user can feel its in place.
Failure rate: Perfect & Typical: 0.2%
Pros: Not having to think about contraception for 5 years; significantly lower dose of hormones than with OC pills, resulting in fewer side effects; significantly reduced menstrual flow
Cons: Up to 30% of users report benign ovarian cyst that usually resolve spontaneously. Exposure to STI’s while using this method is associated with an increase risk of PID (Pelvic inflammatory disease)
contraceptive sponge
Moisten with water, lasts 12 to 24 hours (depends on brand); removed 6 to 8 hours after last ejaculation
Nulliparous: Perfect 9%, Typical 12%
Parous (given birth at least once): Perfect 20%, Typical 24%
Pros: No prescription needed, one size fits all, already contains spermicide, less messy than other spermicide methods; can be used for multiple intercourse acts within the effective period
cervical cap
Held in place against the cervix by suction:
Spermicides
Failure Rate: Perfect 18%, Typical 28%
Diaphragm
Inserted up to 6 hours before intercourse and removed within 24 hours; replace every 2 years - used with spermicide
internal condom
physical barrier to trap sperm. Perfect 5%, Typical 21%.
external condom failure rate
Latex: Perfect 2%, Typical 18%
female sterilization - tubal ligation
fallopian tubes severed, doesn’t protect against sti’s, risks of ectopic pregnancy
male sterilization - vasectomy
vas deferens is severed - Failure rate: 0.05%. small puncture in the scrotal skin or through one or two incisions in the scrotal skin. surgeon removes a 1.5cm segment from each of the vas deferens and the ends are sealed
Symptothermal Method
Fertility awareness method used to predict when a woman might be fertile
Lactational Amenorrhea
Occurs when breastfeeding/chest feeding
Breastfeeding causes hormonal suppression of ovulation
98% effective as a temporary postpartum method of birth control as long as menstruation has not returned, the baby is being nursed exclusively with breastmilk, and the baby is less than 6 months
male contraceptive pill
Combo of Androgen and Progesterone
Slow forking (takes 90 days to work)
Not FDA approved yet
10 years till it comes out
Information-Motivation-Behavioural Skills Model
contraceptive information needs to be easy and understand and accessible in a timely manner
what does an individual need to avoid engaging in risky behaviour
motivation
(levonorgestrel, a progestogen) or Yuzpe method (pills that contain levonorgestrel and well as ethynyl estradiol and estrogen)
plan b (72 hr period)
Almost 100% effective
Must be inserted within 7 days of intercourse
Requires doctors appointment and a prescription
IUD
An abortion performed when the birthing parent’s life is at risk, the pregnancy is likely to cause severe physical or mental health consequences in the parent, or the fetus has congenital disorder associated with a significant risk of morbidity
Therapeutic Abortion
An abortion performed for reasons other than maternal or fetal health
Not feeling ready to care for a child, financial concerns, concerns that a(nother) child will interfere with current responsibilities to others, avoidance of single parenthood, relationship problems, and feeling too young or immature to raise a child
Sexual assault and sexual coercion
elective abortion
who defied the 1967 amendment by opening an abortion clinic in montreal in 1969
Dr Henry Morgentaler:
explain The Canadian Abortion Rights Action League
the first national abortion rights group formed 4 years after morgentaler’s practice
when did abortion become legal
1988
Unsafe Abortions account for what percent of abortions
45%
Performed from the sixth to the fourteenth week of gestation in a hospital and some private clinics will perform it up to the twentieth week
10 minute procedure
Patient under anaesthetic
Cervix must be dilated, either with laminaria tents or progressively larger rod-like dilator instruments
One cervix is dilated, a tube is inserted through the opening and into the uterus, the contents of the uterus are suctioned out
Little risk and generally has a failure less than 1%
Vacuum Suction Curettage
What positive changes resulted from efforts to give people the right to control their reproductive health (e.g., access to family planning services, including abortion) in Canada?
Helps lower unwanted pregnancies
Reduced unsafe abortions
What are the most commonly used methods of birth control in Canada? Why do you think these methods are so popular?
Condoms (easy, effective, prevent STIs)
Oral Contraceptive (easy, effective, recommended by doctors)
