Chapter 7 - Bipolar Disorder Flashcards
What is Bipolar disorder?
A disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression
What is Bipolar 1 disorder?
A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes,
What is Bipolar 2 disorder?
A type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes
What are the symptoms of Mania?
Experience dramatic and inappropriate rises in mood, symptoms are emotional, motivational, behavioural, cognitive, and physical
What characterizes Mania?
The person has active, powerful emotions in search of an outlet, not only an over-abundance of happiness but also anger or irritability, have exaggerated ambitions
What is the motivational realm of Mania?
People want constant excitement involvement, and companionship, social style is overwhelming, domineering, and excessive
What is the cognitive realm of Mania?
Show poor judgment and planning, hold an inflated opinion of themselves, trouble remaining coherent, out of touch with reality
What is the physical realm of Mania?
Feel remarkably energetic. Typically get little sleep yet feel and act wide awake, energy level remains high
Diagnosing a manic episode?
Full manic episode when for at least one week they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, and at least 3 other symptoms of mania
True or False, a person experiencing mania can also experience psychotic features?
Yes, including delusions and hallucinations
What is a hypomanic episode?
Symptoms of mania are less severe (causing little impairment)
How do people with Bipolar 1 disorder experience the disorder?
Experience an alternation of the episodes (week of mania, week of depression) or have mixed features in which they display both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode
How do people with Bipolar 2 disorder experience the disorder?
Hypomanic (mildly manic) episodes alternate with major depressive episodes. Some people accomplish huge amounts of work during their mild manic episodes
What is rapid cycling?
A person has four or more episodes within a one-year period
True or false both types of bipolar disorder require treatment?
True
True or False people with bipolar disorder tend to experience depression more than mania
True
How are most cases of bipolar disorder characterized?
Initial mood episode is depression, the depressive episodes occur three times as often as manic ones, and the depressive episodes last longer
True or false, bipolar disorders are equally common in women and men
True
Between what ages is the onset of bipolar disorder?
15 - 44 years
What is cyclothymic disorder?
A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms
How does the DSM-5 characterize symptoms of cyclothymic disorder?
The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks
True or False, cyclothymic disorder are equally common in women and men
True
True or False, cyclothymic disorder can develop into bipolar 1 and 2 disorder
True
When does cyclothymic disorder develop?
Usually begins in adolescent or early adulthood
Biological explanations for bipolar disorder include?
neurotransmitter activity, ion activity, brain structure, and genetic factors
Norepinephrine and mania
Higher levels of norepinephrine in people with mania than that or depressed or control participants
Serotonin and mania
Lower activity of serotonin
Conclusions theorized about neurotransmitters and mania?
Low serotonin activity accompanied by high norepinephrine activity
Conclusions theorized about neurotransmitters and depression
Low serotonin activity accompanied by low norepinephrine activity
What other neurotransmitters are involved with bipolar disorder?
GABA
What do neurotransmitters do?
Communication between neurons
What do ions do?
Relay messages within a neuron, ions help transmit messages down the neuron’s axon to the nerve endings
Ion activity and bipolar disorder
Irregularities in the transport of ions may cause neurons to fire too easily (resulting in mania) or to stubbornly resist firing (resulting in depression)
Brain structure and bipolar disorder
Hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum tend to be smaller. Lower amounts of grey matter. Raphe nuclei, striatum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex have structural abnormalities
What have researchers found about the link between brain structure and bipolar disorder?
Propose that they collectively reflect dysfunction throughout a bi-polar related brain circuit or that they are related to the brain’s depression-related circuit
Genetic factors and bipolar disorder
Propose that people inherit a biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorder
What supports the link between genetic factors and bipolar disorder?
Family pedigrees and twin studies, molecular biology (genes on chromosomes)
Conclusions about the cause of bipolar disorder?
Evidence suggests that biological abnormalities, perhaps inherited and perhaps triggered by life stress, cause bipolar disorders are the primary factors
