Chapter 7 - Bipolar Disorder

Question 1

What is Bipolar disorder?

Answer 1

A disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

Question 2

What is Bipolar 1 disorder?

Answer 2

A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes,

Question 3

What is Bipolar 2 disorder?

Answer 3

A type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes

Question 4

What are the symptoms of Mania?

Answer 4

Experience dramatic and inappropriate rises in mood, symptoms are emotional, motivational, behavioural, cognitive, and physical

Question 5

What characterizes Mania?

Answer 5

The person has active, powerful emotions in search of an outlet, not only an over-abundance of happiness but also anger or irritability, have exaggerated ambitions

Question 6

What is the motivational realm of Mania?

Answer 6

People want constant excitement involvement, and companionship, social style is overwhelming, domineering, and excessive

Question 7

What is the cognitive realm of Mania?

Answer 7

Show poor judgment and planning, hold an inflated opinion of themselves, trouble remaining coherent, out of touch with reality

Question 8

What is the physical realm of Mania?

Answer 8

Feel remarkably energetic. Typically get little sleep yet feel and act wide awake, energy level remains high

Question 9

Diagnosing a manic episode?

Answer 9

Full manic episode when for at least one week they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, and at least 3 other symptoms of mania

Question 10

True or False, a person experiencing mania can also experience psychotic features?

Answer 10

Yes, including delusions and hallucinations

Question 11

What is a hypomanic episode?

Answer 11

Symptoms of mania are less severe (causing little impairment)

Question 12

How do people with Bipolar 1 disorder experience the disorder?

Answer 12

Experience an alternation of the episodes (week of mania, week of depression) or have mixed features in which they display both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode

Question 13

How do people with Bipolar 2 disorder experience the disorder?

Answer 13

Hypomanic (mildly manic) episodes alternate with major depressive episodes. Some people accomplish huge amounts of work during their mild manic episodes

Question 14

What is rapid cycling?

Answer 14

A person has four or more episodes within a one-year period

Question 15

True or false both types of bipolar disorder require treatment?

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False people with bipolar disorder tend to experience depression more than mania

Answer 16

True

Question 17

How are most cases of bipolar disorder characterized?

Answer 17

Initial mood episode is depression, the depressive episodes occur three times as often as manic ones, and the depressive episodes last longer

Question 18

True or false, bipolar disorders are equally common in women and men

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Between what ages is the onset of bipolar disorder?

Answer 19

15 - 44 years

Question 20

What is cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 20

A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

Question 21

How does the DSM-5 characterize symptoms of cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 21

The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks

Question 22

True or False, cyclothymic disorder are equally common in women and men

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False, cyclothymic disorder can develop into bipolar 1 and 2 disorder

Answer 23

True

Question 24

When does cyclothymic disorder develop?

Answer 24

Usually begins in adolescent or early adulthood

Question 25

Biological explanations for bipolar disorder include?

Answer 25

neurotransmitter activity, ion activity, brain structure, and genetic factors

Question 26

Norepinephrine and mania

Answer 26

Higher levels of norepinephrine in people with mania than that or depressed or control participants

Question 27

Serotonin and mania

Answer 27

Lower activity of serotonin

Question 28

Conclusions theorized about neurotransmitters and mania?

Answer 28

Low serotonin activity accompanied by high norepinephrine activity

Question 29

Conclusions theorized about neurotransmitters and depression

Answer 29

Low serotonin activity accompanied by low norepinephrine activity

Question 30

What other neurotransmitters are involved with bipolar disorder?

Answer 30

GABA

Question 31

What do neurotransmitters do?

Answer 31

Communication between neurons

Question 32

What do ions do?

Answer 32

Relay messages within a neuron, ions help transmit messages down the neuron’s axon to the nerve endings

Question 33

Ion activity and bipolar disorder

Answer 33

Irregularities in the transport of ions may cause neurons to fire too easily (resulting in mania) or to stubbornly resist firing (resulting in depression)

Question 34

Brain structure and bipolar disorder

Answer 34

Hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum tend to be smaller. Lower amounts of grey matter. Raphe nuclei, striatum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex have structural abnormalities

Question 35

What have researchers found about the link between brain structure and bipolar disorder?

Answer 35

Propose that they collectively reflect dysfunction throughout a bi-polar related brain circuit or that they are related to the brain’s depression-related circuit

Question 36

Genetic factors and bipolar disorder

Answer 36

Propose that people inherit a biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorder

Question 37

What supports the link between genetic factors and bipolar disorder?

Answer 37

Family pedigrees and twin studies, molecular biology (genes on chromosomes)

Question 38

Conclusions about the cause of bipolar disorder?

Answer 38

Evidence suggests that biological abnormalities, perhaps inherited and perhaps triggered by life stress, cause bipolar disorders are the primary factors