Chapter 7 - Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is a polymer?
A large molecule formed by bonding together many smaller basic units.
What is a monomer?
It is a basic unit that can be bonded to other basic units to form a polymer.
Name the monomer and the bond btween monomers in thee following polymers:
- starch (polysaccharide)
- lipid
- protein (polypeptide)
- DNA
- glucose (glycosidic bond)
- 3 fatty acids & glycerol (ester bond)
- amino acids (peptide bond)
- nucleotides (hydrogen bonds)
Name the chemical elements that compose carbohydrates.
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
Name the 3 monosaccharides of carbohydrates.
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Name the 3 disaccharides of carbohydrates.
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Name the 3 polysaccharides of carbohydrates.
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
How are lipid molecules formed and how can they be broken up?
Formed by condensation reaction
Broken up by hydrolysis
Through what process does 2 monosaccharides combine?
Condensation reaction
Through what process is disaccharides split up?
Hydrolysis
Through what process can many monomers be linked to form a polymer?
Polymerisation
Through what process can polysaccharides be broken down into monomers?
Hydrolysis
What is the difference between plant fats and animal fats?
Plant fats are composed of unsaturated fatty acids, they have lower melting point and are usually liquids at room temperature.
Animal fats are composed of saturated fatty acids, have higher melting points and are usually solids at room temperature.
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
Of how many amino acids does one molecule of protein consist of?
A few hundred of a few thousand amino acids.
With what process does amino acids combine with?
Condensation reaction with a peptide bond.
What process. Is used to split up proteins into polypeptides and amino acids?
Hydrolysis by adding water molecules.
Nam the uses of glucose.
- it is the main source of energy for cells
- it is the building blocks for larger molecules
- it is the starting block for building other molecules such as fatty acids
- glucose is the carbohydrates which is transported in blood around the bod of humans
What is the uses of sucrose?
- it is the transport molecule that can be transported through translocation in plants
- the human body break down sucrose into fructose and glucose, which is then metabolized to release energy to cells in the body
What are the uses of starch?
- it’s main function if to act as an energy source
- it is insoluble and has no osmotic effect
- it can easily be hydrolysed into glucose
- animals break it down into glucose and use it as energy
What are the uses of glycogen?
- it acts as energy storage in animal tissue
- it is insoluble and has no osmotic effect and can easily by hydrolysed into glucose when needed
What is the advantage of storing glycogen rather than glucose?
Glycogen is a compact molecule, so larger quantities can be stored.
What are the uses of cellulose?
- it is the main material for production of plant cell walls
- cell walls of cellulose support the plant and prevents the cell from bursting
What is the role of proteins?
- Proteins help to create cells needed for growth, repair and maintain tissues
- proteins have an energetic role
- proteins have an enzymatic role
- proteins have structural role
- protein have support role
- proteins have a hormonal role
- proteins have a transport role
- proteins are integral parts of cell membranes
- proteins is also an important part of the immune system
What is the roles of lipids?
- lipids are energy sources
- lipids act as storage
- it serves as structural component of cell membranes
- it helps with the formation of the outer covering of nerve cells
- lipids have a protection role for organs
- lipids acts as an insulating layer against heat loss, as it is a poor conductor of heat
What is the role of water?
- water is a universal solvent
- water is a very efficient transport medium
With how many bonds are cytosine bonded to guanine?
3 hydrogen bonds
With how many bonds are adenine bonded to thymine?
2 hydrogen bonds
What are the subunits of DNA molecules calles?
Nucleotides
What two bases are thee purines of DNA molecules?
Adenine and Guanine
What two bases are the pyrimidines of DNA molecules?
Cytosine and Thymine
