Chapter 7 - Behavioural and Cognitive Approaches Flashcards
Define learning.
A relatively permanent change in behaviour, knowledge and thinking skills, that occurs through experience.
Define behaviourism.
The view that behaviour should be explained by experiences that can be directly observed.
Social-cognitive approach : what is the emphasis?
The interaction of behaviour, environment and person (cognition) in learning.
What does the information-processing approach emphasise?
How children process information, through : attention, memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes.
Information-processing approach : what is the emphasis?
How children process information, through : attention, memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes.
Cognitive-constructivist approach : what is the emphasis?
The child’s construction of knowledge and understanding.
Social-constructivist approach : what is the emphasis?
Collaboration with other to produce knowledge and understanding.
Define classical conditioning.
The organism learns to connect, or associate, stimuli - specifically, a neutral stimulus and a meaningful stimulus, which then have the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Name these factors of classical conditioning:
1. UCS
2. CS
3. UCR
4. CR
- Unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned stimulus
- Unconditioned response
- Conditioned response
What facilitates classical conditioning? Why?
Generalization. This is the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a similar response.
Define extinction (in CLASSICAL conditioning).
The weakening of the conditioned response, in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
Define systematic desensitisation.
A method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-producing situations.
What type of behaviour does classical conditioning explain better?
Involuntary.
Define operant conditioning.
The consequences of behaviour produce changes in the probability that the behaviour will occur.
Another name for operant conditioning.
Instrumental conditioning.
Who was the main architect of operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner.
Define reinforcement.
A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE consequence that INCREASES the probability that a behaviour will occur.
Define positive reinforcement.
The behaviour is followed by a rewarding stimulus/positive consequence, so the behaviour increases.
Define negative reinforcement.
The response to the behaviour is to remove an aversive/unpleasant stimulus, therefore the behaviour increases.
Define punishment.
A consequence that DECREASES the probability that a behaviour will occur.
Which of these three processes (generalisation, discrimination, and extinction) occur in both classical and operant conditioning?
All three.
Define extinction (in OPERANT conditioning).
A previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases.
What is applied behaviour analysis?
The application of the principles of operant conditioning in order to change human behaviour.
Give 6 strategies to increase desirable behaviours.
- Choose effective reinforcers
- Make reinforcers timely and contingent
- Select the best schedule of reinforcement
- Contracting
- Use negative reinforcement effectively
- Use prompts and shaping
What is the Premack principle? (???)
This principle states that a high-probability activity can be used to reinforce a low-probability activity.
Most reinforcement in the classroom is… ?
Partial.
What 4 schedules of partial reinforcement did Skinner describe?
- Fixed-ratio
- Variable-ratio
- Fixed-interval
- Variable-interval
(???)
What is a prompt?
An added stimulus or cue that increases the likelihood that
a discriminative stimulus will produce a desired response.
Define shaping.
Teaching new behaviours by reinforcing successive approximations to a specified target behaviour.
Give 4 strategies for decreasing undesirable behaviours.
- Use differential reinforcement
- Use terminating reinforcement
- Remove desirable stimuli
- Present aversive/unpleasant stimuli
Define differential reinforcement.
Reinforcement of behaviour that is more appropriate.
Define terminating reinforcement.
Taking away reinforcement from behaviour that is not appropriate (i.e. not giving attention to this behaviour).
What is punishment?
And when should it be used?
When should physical punishment be used in the classroom?
Something that DECREASES the behaviour.
Punishment should only be used as a last resort.
Never.
Who is the main architect of social cognitive theory?
What are the three main factors of this theory?
Albert Bandura.
Person/cognition, behaviour, and environment.
Define self-efficacy.
The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
Define observational learning.
Learning that involves acquiring skills, strategies, and beliefs by
observing others.
According to Bandura, what are 4 key processes in observational learning?
Attention, retention, production, and motivation.
