Chapter 6 - Learners Who Are Gifted Flashcards
What is a learning disability?
A difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language, or numbers, that is NOT primarily the result of :
- visual, hearing or motor disabilities
- mental retardation
- emotional disorders
- environmental, cultural or economic disadvantage
Define dyslexia.
A learning disability that involves severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.
Define dysgraphia.
A learning disability that involves having difficulty in handwriting.
Define dyscalculia.
A learning disability that involves difficulties in math and computation.
Who typically initially identifies children with a possible learning disability?
The classroom teacher.
What are the main targets for learning disability intervention?
Improving decoding skills and reading ability.
What is necessary for an ADHD diagnosis? (2)
The characteristics must appear early in childhood, and they must be debilitating for the child.
What type of intervention/s is recommended for learners with ADHD?
A combination of academic, behavioural, and medical interventions.
What are the conditions required for a diagnosis of mental retardation? (3)
- Onset before age 18
- Low intelligence (typically <70 IQ)
- Difficulty adapting to everyday life
What are some determinants of mental retardation? (3)
- Genetic factors
- Brain damage
- Environmental hazards
Cerebral palsy is an example of what kind of physical disorder?
Ortopedic impairment.
Epilepsy is an example of what kind of physical disorder.
Seizure disorder.
Visual and hearing impairments are examples of what kind of disorder?
Sensory disorders.
What is the term used to refer to a disorder characterised by difficulty receiving, expressing or producing language?
Speech and language disorders.
Articulation disorders, voice disorders, and fluency disorders are examples of what?
Speech disorders.
Define articulation disorders.
Problems in pronouncing words correctly.
Define voice disorders.
Speech that is too hoarse or loud, or too high- or low-pitched.
Give an example of a condition that often results in a voice disorder.
Cleft palate.
A characteristic of a fluency disorder.
Stuttering.
What speech and language disorder results in a child having problems in understanding and using words in sentences?
Specific Language Impairment (SLI).
Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
A broad range of autism disorders, including autism and Asperger syndrome.
What conditions are necessary for an autism diagnosis? (3)
- Onset in the first three years of life
- Abnormalities in social relationships and communications
- Repetitive behaviours
What is the current consensus on why autism occurs?
Organic brain dysfunction.
When were educational rights for children with disabilities introduced?
The mid-1960s.
What was Public Law 94-142?
When was it enacted?
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act.
In 1975.
Public Law 94-142 was recast as “IDEA”, which set out broad requirements for services for children with disabilties:
When did this happen?
What does “IDEA” stand for?
In 1990.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
When was “IDEA” renamed, and what did it become?
In 2004.
Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act.
What characterised the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act? (3)
- Consideration of the child’s learning capacity
- Individualisation
- The concept of Least Restrictive Environment (LRE): the idea that children with disabilities should be educated in a setting as similar to possible as to those without disabilities, but inclusion should not be prioritised above academic and social success of the student
Define instructional technology.
Various types of hardware and software designed to accommodate children’s needs in the classroom.
Define assistive technology.
Various services and devices to help children with disabilities function within their environment.
What are the general characteristics of gifted learners? (2)
- Above-average intelligence (usually >130)
- Superior talent in a certain domain (e.g. art, music, maths)
According to Winner, what are the 3 main characteristics of gifted children?
- Precocity (= rapidly advanced development)
- Marching to the tune of a different drum
- Passion to master
What causes giftedness?
Genetics and environment.
