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Sport Psychology 1 > Chapter 7: Attention and Concentration > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Attention and Concentration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does concentration in sport entail? (4 points)

A
  1. focus on relevant cues in envir. (selective attention)
    - gate out irrelevant sensory info
    - attend to self and team behaviours
  2. Maintaining attentional focus across situations
  3. Continuous situational awareness
    - understand situations to make anticipatory decisions
  4. Shifting flexible attentional focus
    - diff. types of concentration need for diff. sports… etc.
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of attentional focus? Give examples.

A
  1. Broad external focus
    - many cues at once, outward focus (i.e. wind)
  2. Broad internal focus
    - many cues at once, inward focus (i.e. shot options)
  3. Narrow external focus
    - one cue at a time, outward focus (i.e. speed of ball)
  4. Narrow internal focus
    - one cue at a time, inward focus (i.e. breathe in belly)
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3
Q

What are some INTERNAL DISTRACTORS?

A
  • attending to past or future
  • overanalyzing
  • fatigue
  • high arousal
  • choking (progressive deterioration under pressure usually due to negative internal focus)
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4
Q

What are some EXTERNAL DISTRACTORS?

A
  • visual (i.e. media)
  • auditory (i.e. music)
  • tactile (i.e. uniforms)
  • temperature (i.e. heat)
  • trash talk
  • evaluation (apprehension)
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5
Q

Flow / “in the zone”

A

positive state in which person feels balance btwn. challenges of situation and skills to cope with these challenges

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6
Q

Self-talk

A

strategy involving verbalizing out loud or in head specific thoughts and feelings

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7
Q

3 types of self-talk

A
  1. motivational/positive: energy, effort
  2. instructional: skills and movements
  3. negative: critical, self-denigrating
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8
Q

How to use self-talk effectively

A
  • metaphors
  • short, specific, memorable statements
  • present-focused
  • positive, process-focused
  • repeated, rehearsed
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9
Q

4 types of attentional style

A
  1. associative internal: focus on self
  2. associative external: focus on routes…etc.
  3. dissociative internal: daydreaming, problem solving
  4. dissociative external: environment…etc.
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10
Q

5 ways of reducing cognitive interference

A
  1. thought stopping: displace negative thoughts with positive
  2. centering: bring attention internally, focus on task
  3. cue words: simple, positive
  4. mental rehearsals: of movements… etc.
  5. drop comparisons and judgments
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11
Q

Psychological skills training (PST)

A

way of enhancing performance in some way - i.e. maintaining concentration, regulating arousal, enhancing confidence, maintaining motivation

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12
Q

Coping

A

effort to manage external or internal demands or conflicts that exceed one’s ability to manage

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13
Q

4 types of coping

A
  1. problem-focused: confronting and changing stressful situation
  2. emotion-focused: managing emotional effects of stress
  3. approach-focused: approach situation
  4. avoidance
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14
Q

Matching hypothesis

A

people must manage specific type of arousal with same type of behav. strategy (i.e. physiological arousal with behav. strategy)

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15
Q

3 phases to implementing PST

A
  1. research phase: what needs are
  2. education phase: athletes learn psych. skills can be taught and improve performance
  3. assessment phase: observations, interview
  4. acquisition phase: athletes learn specific strategies and techniques for mastering psych skills
  5. practice phase
  6. evaluation phase
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16
Q

2 ways of managing arousal by changing BEHAVIOUR

A
  1. Progressive muscle relaxation: tensing and releasing each body part one at a time to help distinguish btwn states of tension and relaxation
  2. Biofeedback: monitor and change selected physiological functions - heart rate, muscle activity, brain wave patterns
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17
Q

4 ways of managing arousal by managing COGNITIVES

A
  1. Autogenic training: series of exercises designed to produce sensations of warmth and heaviness
  2. Hypnosis: altered state of consciousness in which indivs. are unusually relaxed and can respond to suggestions for change in thoughts, feelings, behavs.
  3. Meditation: relax bodies and focus attention on single thought
  4. Mindfulness training: pay conscious attention to thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations
18
Q

2 ways of managing arousal that combine COGNITIVE and BEHAVIOURAL strategies

A
  1. Cognitive-affective stress management training: focuses on specific coping mechanisms to handle physical and mental challenges of stress
  2. Stress inoculation training: athletes must - learn impact of thoughts (conceptualization), learn coping strategies (rehearsal phase) and practice them (application)
19
Q

Arousal can have major impact on…. (2 points)

A
  1. Attention: focus at particular time

2. Concentration: ability to focus on relevant and ignore irrelevant info

20
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

phenomenon in which ppl fail to pay attention to most salient feature of an envir.

21
Q

Attentional focus

A

ability to direct attention to appropriate stimuli, measured in 2 dimensions:

  1. width of attention: varies from broad to narrow focus
  2. direction of attention: varies from internal to external
22
Q

Attentional flexibility

A

ability to change scope and focus attention over time and in diff. situations

23
Q

Imagery

A

using one’s senses to create realistic image or exp. in mind

24
Q

2 types of imagery

A
  1. internal: athletes imagine skill from own perspective

2. external: athletes imagine skill from outsider’s perspective

25
Q

People differ in ability to create images high in ___ and ___

A

vividness: ability to make images clear and detailed
controllability: ability to manipulate images at will

26
Q

3 theories describing potential benefits of imagery on performance

A
  1. Psychoneuromuscular theory: imagery promotes learning motor skills - simply imagining skills activates muscles
  2. Symbolic learning perspective: imagery helps ppl understand and acquire movement patterns
  3. Psych skills/attentional-arousal: improve concentration, reduce anxiety, enhance confidence
  4. Triple Code Model (ISM): process of: Image, Somatic response (psychophysiological change occurs), image Meaning attainment (individualized)
27
Q

Functional equivalence hypothesis and PETTLEP

A

Functional equivalence hypothesis: mentally imagining actions and engaging in actions involve same neurophysiological processes
PETTLEP: 7 components of thoughts and actions described in f.e. hypothesis: physical, environmental, task, timing, learning, emotion, perspectives

28
Q

Why isn’t PST used more often?

A
  • lack of knowledge of HOW - no understanding, resources… etc.
  • lack of knowledge of WHO - belief in innate athlete - “have it or not”
  • lack of PRIORITY/making time - focus on physical skill as sole reason for performance
29
Q

What are some sport psych myths?

A
  • only for elite athletes
  • only for crazy pppl
  • scary, strange, threatening
  • quick fix
  • magic elixir - turn into star
30
Q

What does arousal regulation entail?

A

self monitoring and recognition of states, interpreting states, reflecting situations and recognizing trends

31
Q

alexithymia

A

inability to acknowledge and describe emotions

32
Q

Do we build mental toughness?

A

Yes, it’s a multifaceted construct, can be natural or developed

33
Q

A PSTP can be implemented by teachers, trainers and coaches. What model and approach does this idea come from?

A

supervisory consulting model and organizational empowerment approach

34
Q

Mood measurements such as POMS are NOT for selection BUT for monitoring pre-post states:

A
  • adjustment to varying training situations (ACCLIMATIZATION)
  • identifying overturning
  • rehabilitation
  • development of depressive symptoms
  • improve self awareness and enhance mood over time
35
Q

What are some induction techniques?

A
  • visible positive messages
  • increase breathing
  • self talk, pep talk
  • imagery
36
Q

What are some SOMATIC (relax and use body) reduction techniques?

A
  • breath control
  • biofeedback
  • progressive relaxation (tense and relax process)
  • autogenic training (warmth and heavy)
37
Q

What are some COGNITIVE (relax and use mind) reduction techniques?

A
  • meditation
  • Integrated Mind Body Training (relaxed alertness)
  • self-talk
38
Q

What are some MULTIMODAL reduction techniques?

A
  • Stress Inoculation
  • Visual Motor Behaviour Rehearsal (VMBR) (relaxation training with imagery use)
  • Cognitive Affective Stress Management Training (relaxation + self talk alteration)
39
Q

Match these imagery types (Motivation Specific, Motivation General Mastery, Motivation General Arousal, Cognitive General, Cognitive Specific) with these uses (Strategy, Skill, Motivation, Focus, Confidence, Controlling Anxiety)

A 
strategy - CG
skill - CS
motivation - MS
focus - MGM
confidence - MGM
controlling anxiety - MGA
40
Q

Give examples of each imagery type (CG, CS… etc.)

A

Cognitive General: imagining gameplay, team positions
Cognitive Specific: knee movements, lifting
Motivation Specific: imagine winning
Motivation General Mastery: imagine remaining focus, self talk
Motivation General Arousal: imagine control arousal - deep breathing

Sport Psychology 1 (4 decks)

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