CHAPTER 7 AND 8: FINALS REVIEW

Question 1

What is the atmosphere?

Answer 1

The layer of air surrounding the Earth?

Question 2

What is the atmosphere composed of?

Answer 2

78% N
21% O
1% pollen, soot, Carbon dioxide, Ar, suspended particles, etc.

Question 3

What is atmopsheric pressure?

Answer 3

the pressure of the air in the atmosphere

Question 4

What is the average level of atmospheric pressure at sea level?

Answer 4

101.3KPa

Question 5

Even though there are 10 tons of atmospheric pressure on you at all times, how has it not crushed you?

Answer 5

Air presses in all directions, the air inside of our bodies pushes out with the same force as the air pushing inwards

Question 6

How is atmospheric pressure affected?

Answer 6

• # of particles
• gravity
• temperature
• water vapour

Question 7

What are the layers of the atmosphere from highest altitude to lower altitude?

Answer 7

Exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere

Question 8

What is atmospheric circulation?

Answer 8

Global-scale movement of the layer of air surrounding the Earth

Question 9

How is air circulated in THEORY WITHOUT the coriolis effect?

Answer 9

Hot air will rise creating a vacuum that will be replaced by dense cold air that will travel beneath the hot light air

Question 10

What is the corilois effect?

Answer 10

deflection of winds due to the rotation of the earth

Question 11

How does the coriolis effect affect winds in the Northern and Southern hemisphere?

Answer 11

Winds deviate to the right in the Northen Hemisphere

Winds deviate to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

Question 12

What are the three circulation cells?

Answer 12

Polar cell, ferrel cell, hadley cell

Question 13

what are circulation cells,in short?

Answer 13

loops of winds with regular movement

Question 14

What are jet streams? what are the two types of jet streams?

Answer 14

strong winds that blow W to E

1. polar jet stream
2. subtropical jet stream

Question 15

What are prevailig winds?

Answer 15

winds created near the surface of circulation cells that blow in specific directions according to global patterns of movement

Question 16

What are the different types of prevailing winds?

Answer 16

Polar easterlies, Westerlies, North east trade winds, South east trade winds

Question 17

What are air masses?

Answer 17

large expanse of air with uniform temperature and humidity

Question 18

what are the different types of air masses?

Answer 18

Continental arctic, continental polar, continental maritime, continental tropical, continental tropical

Question 19

What are fronts? What is a difference between a cold and warm front?

Answer 19

Fronts are boundaries caused by warm and cold air masses
Warm front - forms when a warm air mass moves towards a cold one. Causes nimbostratus clouds, lengthly showers, low pressure areas, temperature increase
Cold front- forms when a cold air mass moves towards a warm one. Causes cumulonimbus clouds, breif showers, cool temperatures, high pressure areas , clearing skies

Question 20

What are characteristics of a front?

Answer 20

Pressure change, temperature change, directional changes in winds, cloud formation

Question 21

What is the difference between an anticyclone and a depression?

Answer 21

Anticyclone (H): clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, area of atmospheric circulation surrounding a high-pressure centre,cold air falls,clear skies, sunny weather
Depression (L): counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, area of atmospheric circulation surrounding a low-pressure centre, warm air rises, precipitation

Question 22

Explain the greenhouse effect

Answer 22

1. The sun’s rays are absorbed by the ground
2. Once heated, the ground emits infrared radiation
3. Infrared rays are captured by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, and nitrous oxide

Question 23

What does the greenhouse effect?

Answer 23

Natural process that allows the Earth to retain heat given to it by the sun

Question 24

How have humans impacted the greenhouse effect?

Answer 24

Due to augmented levels of greenhouse gases through the combustion of fossil fuels, digestion of farm animals, manure storage and management, rice farming, burning garbage, and fertilizers, the earth has been retaining too much heat, causing global warming

Question 25

What are the contaminants of the atmosphere?

Answer 25

1. Sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxides: causes smog and acid rain 2. Heavy metals (Hg,Pb,As) 3. chloroflurocarbons (CFCs): destroy the ozone layer (came from refrigerators, aerosol products, and plastic foams) 4. Dust and airborne particles

Question 26

What is smog?

Answer 26

thick mixture of fog, troposhperic ozone (created by NOx reacting witht he sun), smoke, and atmospheric pollutants,

Question 27

What energy resources are derived from the atmosphere?

Answer 27

Wind energy, Solar energy, Tidal energy

Question 28

What are the pros and cons of wind energy?

Answer 28

``` Pros: - Renewable - no greenhouse gas emissions Cons: - eye sores - not reliable - loud - expensive ```

Question 29

What is the sun made of? How does it emit light and what electromagnetic waves does it give to them Earth

Answer 29

- 75% H 25% He - The nuclear fusion that occurs emits light and gives off radioation using electromagnetic waves such as infrared radiation, UV rays, and visible light (all rays that are transported to earth)

Question 30

What are the three ways that solar energy is taken in? breifly explain each

Answer 30

Passive heating systems: Making houses face south so they can take in maximal light and heat, using concrete since it absorbs heat from the sun Photovolatic cells: Made of Si (e- move due to the sun = energy), supplies homes and appliances with electrical energy Solar collectors: Large panels made of glass, captures the sun's rays and provides homes with warm water and air using Cu pipes

Question 31

What are the pros and cons of solar energy?

Answer 31

``` Pros: No greenhouse gas emissions Good for isolated areas Renewable Cons: Expensive Not reliable ```

Question 32

What is the difference between spring tides and neap tides?

Answer 32

Spring tides: When the Sun and the moon are parallel with eachother with the Eath between them (full moon) or the moon and sun on the same side (new moon). Causes tides to be at their maximum and minimum due to the gravitational pull of the moon, sun, and earth all together Neap tides: When the sun and moon are perpendicular with eachother. This causes tides to neutralize all the way around, causing not too high, but not too low tides

Question 33

What are tides?

Answer 33

The rise and fall of ocean and seawater due to the gravitational pull of the earth and sun

Question 34

What are the pros and cons of tidal energy?

Answer 34

``` Pros: Renewable No greenhouse gas emissions Reliable Cons: complex and costly in construction can only be acquired with tidal range of at least 5m ```

Question 35

What is the carbon cycle?

Answer 35

Bigeochemical cycle involving the exchanges of C on Earth

Question 36

Why is carbon important?

Answer 36

carbon is basic a element in the proteins,lipids, and carbohydrates that make up the tissues of a living organism. Carbon is also present in carbon dioxide and methane

Question 37

How is carbon taken in ?

Answer 37

Photosynthesis, ingestion, creation of shells and skeletons, carbonate rock, creation of fossil fuels

Question 38

How is carbon released into the atmosphere?

Answer 38

Burning fossil fuels (human activity), manure storage and management (human activity), deforestation (human activity), decomposition, forest fires, volcanic eruptions