CHAPTER 11 AND 12: FINALS REVIEW

Question 1

What is a charcater trait?

Answer 1

Physical, psychological, or physiological attribute that varies from one individual to another within the same species

Question 2

What is the difference of chromatin and chromosomes?

Answer 2

Chromatin- mass of DNA and protein within the nucleus when a cell is not undergoing division
vs.
Chromosome- rods of condensed chromatin that is formed when a cell is undergoing division

Question 3

what are homologus pairs?

Answer 3

pairs of chromosomes that are similar to eachother in size and shape

Question 4

What is a karyotype?

Answer 4

a representation of an individual’s chromsomes by grouping them into homologus pairs

Question 5

What is DNA made up of?

Answer 5

nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G), sugars (deroxyribose), and phosphate bases

Question 6

What is a gene?

Answer 6

DNA segment containing information (series of nitrogenous bases) for making a specific protein

Question 7

What is a genome?

Answer 7

all genes received by an organism’s parents

Question 8

what is a protein?

Answer 8

molecule that plays a specific role in the body and in the expression of character traits

Question 9

What are amino acids?

Answer 9

molecule that combines in chains to create proteins

Question 10

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

Answer 10

DNA: in a double-helix formation, has bases A T C G, has deoxyribose sugar, Bases are linked with weak H bonds
RNA: in a single strand, has bases A U C G, has ribose sugar

Question 11

What is protein synthesis? What are its steps?

Answer 11

Protein synthesis is the creation of protein by cells.

1. Transcription of DNA into messenger RNA: DNA is unzipped, MRNA is built by copying nucleotide sequence
2. Attachemnt of the MRNA to the ribosome: MRNA attaches itself to a ribsome. Ribosome slides over MRNA and reads nucleotides in triplets. Protein synthesis begins when start codon is read
3. Translation of MRNA into protein: Triplets are red by ribsosome, amino acid is linked one after another by TRNA
4. End of protein synthesis: UAA, UAG, UGA is read, the chain is complete. protein is released from ribosome.

Question 12

What is heredity?

Answer 12

The transmission of parents’ character traits to their offspring

Question 13

What is a pure line?

Answer 13

group of individuals of the same species who produce offspring with the same character trait without variation

Question 14

What is crossbreeding?

Answer 14

exchange of gametes between two individuals during sexual reproduction

Question 15

What is a hybrid?

Answer 15

Individual obtained by the crossbreeding of two genetically different individuals

Question 16

What is a generation?

Answer 16

group of individuals descended from common parents

Question 17

What is an allele?

Answer 17

Possible form of a gene. Alleles all have different nucleotide sequences

Question 18

what is the difference between a homozygote and a heterozygote?

Answer 18

Homozygote: individual with two identical alleles for a character trait
Heterzygote: individual with two different alleles for a character trait

Question 19

What are the differences between dominant and recessive alleles?

Answer 19

Dominant allele: allele that is expressed as a character trait when someone carries two alleles for the same gene
Recessive allele: allele that is not expressed as a character trait when someone carries two alleles for the same gene

Question 20

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Answer 20

Genotype: individual’s genetic inhertitance, expressed in alleles (e.g., B for brown eyes)
Phenotype: describes the appearance (e.g., brown eyes)

Question 21

True or false: recessive alleles are represented by a capital letter

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What is a constraint?

Answer 22

the effect of external forces on a material?

Question 23

What are the main constraints?

Answer 23

Compression, defelction, tension, torsion, shearing

Question 24

What are the three types of material deformation?

Answer 24

Elastic (constraint causes temporary change) , plastic (constraint causes permanent change) , and fracture (constraint causes material to break)

Question 25

What is a component?

Answer 25

part or fluid that performs a mechanical function

Question 26

What is linking?

Answer 26

mechanical function performed by any component that connects the different parts of an object

Question 27

What are the characteritics of a link?

Answer 27

Direct (can hold without a linking component) vs indirect (requires a linking component to stay together) Rigid vs flexible (linking component and surfaces can be deformed like springs or rubber) Removable (linked parts can be sperated without damage) vs non-removable (linked parts cannot be seperated) Complete (linked parts cannot move independently) vs incomplete (at least one part can move independently)

Question 28

What is a motion transmission?

Answer 28

mechanical function of relaying a motion from one part to another without transforming the motion

Question 29

What is a motion transmission system?

Answer 29

set of components that perform the fucntion of motion transmission

Question 30

What are the three components in a mechanical system?

Answer 30

Driver, driven, and the occasional intermediate component

Question 31

What are the five common motion transmission systems?

Answer 31

Gear trains, chain and sprocket systems, worm and worm gear systems, friction gear systems, and belt and pulley systems

Question 32

Which motion transmission systems are irreversible (diver can become driven and vise versa) ?

Answer 32

Worm and worm gear systems

Question 33

What are elelments to consider when making a gear train?

Answer 33

all teeth must be identical, rotationla axi sof gears can be positioned in different ways, larger gears = slower rotation, more teeth= slower rotation

Question 34

What are elelments to consider when making a chain and sprocket system?

Answer 34

teeth and sprockets must be identical, chain link must mesh easily with sprocket teeth, system needs lubrication, smaller sprocket= faster rotation

Question 35

What are elelments to consider when making a worm and worm gear system?

Answer 35

worm grooves must fit w/ the gear teeth, worm will always be the driver

Question 36

What are elelments to consider when making a fcition gear system?

Answer 36

there are straight, bevel, and spherical fiction gears, larger diameter= slower roation, friction must be higjh to avoid slipping of gears (need of adhesive materials)

Question 37

What are elelments to consider when making a belt and pulley system?

Answer 37

pulleys must contain groove where belt can fit, belt must adhere to pulleys, smaller pulleys = faster rotation

Question 38

How do speed changes occur?

Answer 38

when the driver does not turn at the same spped as the driven component(s)

Question 39

How do speed changes occur in worm and worm gear systems?

Answer 39

one full turn of a worm= worm gear moves an equal distance of one tooth. Therefore, more teeth on the gear= slower speeds

Question 40

How do speed changed occur in other motion transmission systems?

Answer 40

When motion is transmitted from one component to one with... Smaller diamater/few teeth = speed increase larger diamteter/many teeth= speed decrease same diamteter/teeth = no change

Question 41

How do you calculate speed ratio?

Answer 41

diameter or teeth of driver/ diameter or teeth of driven

Question 42

What is the difference between engine torque and resisiting torque?

Answer 42

engine torque: increases rotational speed | resisting torque: slows or stop rotation

Question 43

When engine torque is greater than resisting torque, speed...

Answer 43

increases