CHAPTER 5 AND 6: FINALS REVIEW Flashcards
What is electricity?
all phenomena caused by positive and negative charges
What is electrical charge?
A property belonging to protons and electrons.
Protons posses a +ve charge while electrons carry a -ve charge
What is the difference between positively charged bodies and negatively charged bodies?
Positively charged bodies contain more protons than electrons
Negatively charged bodies contain more electrons than protons
What is an elementary charge? What is its value?
Charge carried out by one proton or electron (1.602x10thpwr-19)
What are the behaviours of electrically chraged matter? (9)
- Like charges repel, opposites attract
- Electric force causes either attraction or repulsion
- A charged object has an imbalance of charges
- Metals are good conductors due to the weak attraction between their nuclei and valence electrons, whihc allows said electrons to move between atoms
- Electrolytic solutions conduct electricity due to the movement of ions
- Insulation does not allow electron movement
- Non metals restrict the circulation and flow of their valence electrons
- Metalloids have varying levels of conductivity
- Electric charges affect objects at a distance by producing electrical fields
What is an electrical field?
Area of space where charged bodies can act on eachother
What is static electricity?
All phenomena related to electrical charges at rest
What is charging?
Creating an imbalance of charges in the elctrical charge of an object
How can you charge an object?
Friction: Rubbing two neutral bodies together, causing a transfer of electrons, therefore causing an imbalance.
Conduction: Putting an object in contact with a charged one, causing two similarly charged bodies but with weaker intensity
Induction: Charging without direct contact, causing a difference in polarity
How can electrical force be calculated?
Fe= (k)(q1)(q2)/r(thpwr2) k= coulomb's constant (9x10thpwr9 Nm(thpwr2)/C(thpwr2))
What is dynamic electricity?
all phenomena related to electrical charges in motion
What is electric current?
The ordely flow of negative charges carried by electrons
What is conventional current direction?
where positive particles go from the positive terminal to the negative terminal
What is current intensity?
Number of charges that flow past a given point in an electrical circuit every second
How do you calculate current intensity?
A= C/Δt
A: current intensity in A
C= charge in c
Δt= time in s
What is used to measure current intensity?
ammeter
What is potential difference?
Amount of energy tranferred between two point of an electrical circuit
How do you calculate potential difference?
V= E/q
V: potential difference in v
E: energy transferred in J
q: charge in C
what is used to measure potential difference?
Voltmeter
whats the difference between the installation of a voltmeter and an ammeter?
ammeter: installed in series
voltmeter: installed in parallel
What is resistance?
An object’s ability to restrict or hinder electrical flow
What can affect resistance?
Nature of the substance: poor conductors are better resistors
Length: the longer a wire the more resistance
Diameter: smaller diameter causes more resistance
Temperature: the warmer something is the better the resistance
How do you calculate resistance?
Ω= V/A
What is Ohm’s law?
the potential difference and current intensity are directly proprtional to the resistance
what does V=RI relate to?
Ohm”s law
What is electrical power?
How much work an electrical device can perform oer second
How do you calculate electrical power?
Pe=W/Δt
pe: electical power in W
W: work in J
Δt: time in seconds
What is the relationship betweem power and electrical energy?
wxs = 1J
what is one kWh equal to?
1000Wx 3600s = 3600000J
How do you calculate electrical energy?
E= PeΔt E= electrical energy in J or kWh Pe= electical power in W or kW Δt= in seconds or hours
What is an electrical circuit?What do they include? What is the difference between a series and parallel circuit?
An electrical circuit is a network where electrical charges flow in a loop. The include a power supply, elements that use the electrical energy (resistors), and wires that carry the charges
Series circuits are connected from end to end, only follows one path. Meaning that is one component is defective, the entire circuit will stop working. It= I1= I2= I3… and Vt= V1+V2+V3…
vs
Parallel circuits contain at least one branch emaning they can follow MORE THAN ONE path. Meaning that is one component is defective, elements in other branches will continue to function. It= I1+I2+I3… and Vt= V1=V2=V3…
What are the two principles of Kirchoff’s law?
- Current intensity into an element or a node of an electrical circuit = the intensity that flows out of said element or node
- The total energy aquired by the charges of the power supply = the total energy transferred by said charges no matter the pathway
What is Coulomb’s law?
the magnitude of the force between two immobile elctrically charged particles is proportional to the product of their charges and inversley proportional to the square distance between them
What is the difference between Req in series and in parallel?
Series: Req= R1+R2+R3…
Parallel: 1/(1/r1)+(1/r2)+(1/r3)
What is a magnet?
objects that attracts Fe, Ni or Co
What is magnetism?
all phenomena caused by magnets
What are domains?
Set of regions that when not alligned, does not make an object magnetized. When aligned however, the object is magnetized
What happensz if you were to place two north facing poles in front of eachother?
repulsion
What is a magnetic field?
Area of space where a magnet can act on another magnet
What is a ferromagnetic substance?
substance with the ability to acquire magnetic properties
What is magnetic remanence?
ability of a material to aquire and retain magnetic properties
What are the steps to the right hand rule? (live wire)
Point your thumb in the concentional current direction (thumb pointing to the -ve ), and your fingers will wrap in the direction of the magnetic field lines
What are the steps to the right hand rule? (solenoid)
Wrap your fingers in the direction in which the wire curves, your thumb will point in the direction of the north pole
What is a solenoid?
Cylindrical coil of live wire
What makes a solenoid unique?
- the magnetic field can be switched on or off
- Direction of the magnetic field can be altered by changing the current dircetion
- intensity can be modified
How can the intensity of a solenoid be modified?
- increasing current intensity
- adding more loops
- using a core with low magnetic remanence
What is the lithosphere?
The litho sphere is the hard shell which surrounds the Earth
What is a mineral? how can you classify it?
A mineral is a solid inorganic substance
You can classify a mineral using colour (allochromatic = many colours, idiochromatic = one colour), transparency (opaque, transluscent, transparent), hardness (The Moh’s scale), and streak (white/pale streak on unglazed porcelain= allochromatic, colourful streak= idiochromatic)
What is a deposit? What are the two types of deposits?
An area where the amount ofand concentration of minerals are high enough for mining
Open-pit mine = when the deposit is near the surface
Mine drift = when the deposit is farther from the surface
what minerals are mined in Qc?
Au, Cu, Z, Fe, Ni
What is an ore?
An ore is a rock which contains minerals that can be extracted
What is a rock?
A heterogenous solid composed of several minerals
What are the different types of rocks?
Igneous - the cooling of magma, can be subcategorized into intrusive (cooled under the Earth’s surface) or extrusive (cooled above the Earth’s surface)
Sedimentary- rocks made from the compaction of layered eroded materials and organic matter
Metamorphic - igneous or sedimentary rock that have changed due to heat and pressure
What is soil comprised of?
rock, minerals, and organic matter
What are the different soil horizons
Organic matter (horizon O) - Mostly humus (decomposing organic matter) Top soil (horizon A) - Mixture of humus and minerals, supports plant life Subsoil (horizon B) - contains small mineral particles, supports tree life Fragmented parent rock (horizon C) - disintegration of underlying parent rock Unaltered parent rock (horizon R)- starting point for soil formation
How long does it take for 1cm of soil to form
200 years
What conditions have to be met so soil can support plant life?
- Sufficient amount of minerals
- Sufficient amount of moisture
- Proper pH level (too much acidity/alkalinity makes it harder for plants to absorb minerals and nutrients)
What is buffering capacity?
The capability of soil to remain unaltered in pH after being subject to acidic or alkaline compounds
The finer the soil…
The higher the buffering capacity
What is permafrost?
ground whos temperature has remained 0 degrees Celcius for more than 2 years
Is permafrost in danger of disappearing? If so, why? What would the reprocutions of its disappearance be?
Yes. Due to global warming, permafrost is starting to melt. This can cause landslides, the destruction of communities, and the release of methane due to the thawing of the permafrost’s microorganisms
Why is permafrost important?
It acts as a carbon sink, taking in carbon dioxide emissions and keeping microorganisms from releasing methane
What energy resources can be aquired from the lithosphere?
Fossil fuels, uranium, and geothermal energy
What are the three fossil fuels? how are they created?
Natural gas, oil, coal
Natural gas and oil - created from the decomposition and compaction of dead marine life on the ocean floor
Coal- created from the decomposition and compaction of previous swamps
When fossil fuels burn, they emit..
thermal energy which can be transformed into mechanical energy or electrical energy
The combustion of fossil fuels emit…
greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, and methane)
Name the pros and cons of fossil fuels
Pros: - cheap - efficient - abundant Cons: - releases greenhouse gas emissions - polluting - non renewable - potentially dangerous
uranium undergoes nuclear fission, meaning…
U gives off energy in radioactivity (nuclear energy) , which is transformed into electrical energy
What are the pros and cons of nuclear energy?
Pros: - does not release greenhouse gases - efficient Cons: - Radioactive - Non-renewable - potentially dangerous - expensive in factory building
What is geothermal energy?
Energy derived from the internal heat of the Earth
What are the pros and cons of geothermal energy?
Pros: - Reduces heating costs - Renewable - No greenhouse gas emissions Cons: - costly to installe and repeair - limited to volcanic regions
What has been causing soil depletion (loss of fertility)?
soil compaction (less O in the soil, no water aborption), lack in crop roation (no soil regeneration) , exessive use of pesticides (reduces soil biodiversity), acid rain (makes it hard for plants to absorb nutrients, kills microorganisms)
What is acid rain? How is is formed?
Sulhpur dioxide and Nitrous oxides react with the oxygen and then with water to create sulphuric acid and nitric acid
What is the hyrdrosphere?
water on earth in all of its states of matter
What is the percentages of freshwater and saltwater?
- 5% saltwater
2. 5% freshwater (79% in glaciers, 21% in lakes, rivers, and groundwater)
Where do inland waters drain into?
Watersheds
The bounderies of watersheds are determined by…
natural boundaries (e.g., mountains). We call these watershed divides
What causes the water within a watershed to flow in the same direction?
the natural slope of the land
What factors affect how water flows within a watershed?
Topography (shape,slope,terrain) Geology (type,depth,structure of rock) Climate (rain/snow, winds, temperature) Vegetation Agricultural, industrial, and urban development (e.g., a dam will prevent water from flowing)
Oceans make up a large part of the Earth’s salt water supply. What affects its temperature?
Depth, seasons, and latitude
What is the average salinity within oeans?
3.4%-3.7%
what is ocean current? what is the difference between it and ocean circulation?
movement of sea water in a specific direction
vs.
the combined effect of all ocean currents that move across the oceans
What are the differences between surface currents and subsurface currents?
Surface currents are wind-driven, subsurface currents are affected by density levels between waters
What affects water density?
Temperature and salinity
- colder water is denser
- salt water is denser
What is the thermohaline circulation?
the circulation of all ocean water to regulate the differences of temperatures between regions
How has the thermohaline circulation been affected by global warming?
Due to the melting of glaciers, more freshwater has been coming into oceans, reducing salinity. This slows down the circulation which makes temperatures in different regions more drastic since it takes longer for water to sink to the ocean floor.
What is the cryosphere?
All frozen water on Earth
what is pack ice?
ice floating on the oceans of the North and South pole
What are the five layers of the ocean?
Ocean surface, mixed layer, the thermohaline, deep water, ocean floor
What are the reprecussions of pack ice melting?
The destruction of habitats, the heating of northern waters (pack ice is supposed to reflect light) , ocean traffic will increase which will pollute the ocean
What is a glacier?
mass of ice created on land from the compaction of snow
What are icebergs?
ice broken off of glaciers
What are the reprecussions of glaciers melting?
water levels rise, increase in fresh water,
What else can contaminate soil?
the leaking of hydrocarbons, fetilizers, heavy metals from landfills, acid residue from mining waste
What energy sources can be taken from the hydrosphere?
Hydraulic energy (energy derived from moving water)
How is hydraulic energy taken from…
- rivers and waterfalls
- waves and ocean currents
- hydroelectric dams (force of water spins turbines connected to alternators that transform mechanical energy into electrical energy)
- buoys (rises and falls with waves) and underwater turbines (ocean currents move blades)
What are the pros and cons of hydraulic energy?
Pros -Renewable -No greenhouse gas emissions Cons - flooding of large areas - contamination of water with heavy metals (e.g., Hg)
What does an aquatic system’s helath depend on?
temperature,oxygen concentration, chemical composition. Pollution occurs when this balance is disrupted
what is thermal pollution?
the heating up of water which decreases oxygen levels in water. For example, this can occur when nuclear power plants heat nearby water while active
What is the difference between point source and non point source pollution?
Point source: source of pollutant is known (e.g., factory)
vs.
Non point source: source of pollutant is unknown (e.g., in a crop sector, but which one?)
What is eutrophication? What is its process?
Eutrophication is the process in whihc water loses oxygen due to the accumulation of algae
- Phosphourous find itself in lakes and algae begins to form
- The thick layer on the lake’s surface blocks the sun, already hindering photosynthesis for other aquatic plants
- The algae eventually dies and sinks to the bottom of the lake
- Bacteria overconsume the algae, releasing too much carbon dioxide and taking in too much oxygen
- aquatic life die without oxygen and lack of food
