Chapter 7: Adaptations to Environment Flashcards
Large diversity of species and of adaptations to ?
different environmental conditions
All species must acquire what to be fit?
- energy and matter to survive, grow and reproduce (to be fit)
AMWR for fitness?
- Acquisition and digestion of food (organisms put a lot of energy into acquiring and digesting food)
- Maintenance of body temperature
- Water balance
- Response to cycles of light and temperature
- 1 Size as a constraint on Evolution:
- Organisms range in?
size
- 1 Size as a constraint on Evolution:
- morphological and physiological features ____ with body size.
chane
- 1 Size as a constraint on Evolution:
- Surface area to volume ratio?
- smaller organisms have larger surface area relative to volume….
L> ratio = how much area is exposed to the environment vs volume of their body
Surface Area to Volume Ratio:
- Transfer needed between ___ and ____.
-environment and interior of organism Ex: oxygen
Surface Area to Volume Ratio:
- Diffusion is effective for what sized animals?
- small
Surface Area to Volume Ratio:
- Large organisms how do they get oxygen to their interior?
- active transport via lungs, circulatory system
Surface Area to Volume Ratio:
- Body size constraints also apply to other?
metabolic processes
Acquisition and Digestion of Food:
- variety of methods to acquire and digest foods such as?
- herbivory
- carnivory
- omnivory
Acquisition and Digestion of Food:
- each feeding group has characteristic adaptations. Such as?
ex: ruminants(mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through bacterial actions. ) like deer and cows are adapted to digest cellulose
* *omnivores do not digest cellulose well
Nutrition and Oxygen:
- need ____ and ___.
- mineral elements and amino acids
Nutrition and Oxygen:
- Release of energy from food mostly through____.
- aerobic respiration
Nutrition and Oxygen:
- need???
oxygen
Why is this more of a problem for aquatic organisms?
it goes via passive transport
- if the current was in the same direction you wouldn’t acquire as much oxygen
- *counter current
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
- Organisms must regulate their internal environment despite what?
- changes n the external environment aka HOMEOSTASIS
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
- Homeostasis?
the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant.
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
-Regulated an internal system by homeostasis involves a ?
negative feedback …= the means to which a system returns back to a set point within the system
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
-Homeostatic plateau?
- max and min range (middle is where we want to be)
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
- organisms have a defined range for where they can?
function at
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
- Control of homeostasis is both ___ and ____
physiological and behavioural
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
- homeostasis is effective over a certain range of? (ex)
temperature
Regulation of Internal Conditions:
- What are some behavioural things you do to regulate temperature ?
- metabolism is ramped up
- eat
- drink warm drinks
- shiver
- when we are hot we move water to the outside via sweating