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Ecology > Chapter 10: Life History Patterns > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Life History Patterns Flashcards

1
Q

What is life history?

A
  • the pattern of growth, development and reproduction
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2
Q

What does life history include?(7)

A
  • age at maturity
  • method of reproduction
  • mating system
  • reproductive effort
  • numbering of offspring
  • amount of parental car
  • timing of reproduction
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3
Q

Explain trade-offs!

A
  • limited resources that can be allocated
  • organisms face trade-offs in life history characteristics
    ex: costs and benefits in characteristics related to reproduction such as parental investment per offspring
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4
Q

What factors affect fecundity?

A
  • number of offspring often varies with size and age of parent. Many plants and ectothermic animals continue growing throughout adult life.
  • production of young may reflect food supply because of effect on adult body size or through mortality of young
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5
Q

Parental investment?

A
  • theoretically, reproductive effort could go into many small young or a few large ones
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6
Q

Parental investment in birds and mammals?

A
  • few young, high parental care. Amount of care after birth depends on length of incubation
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7
Q

Mating systems?

A
  • the pattern of mating between males and females
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8
Q

Types of mating systems?

A
  1. monogamy: formation of a lasting pair bond between one male and one female
  2. promiscuity: males and females mate with one or many of the opposite sex and form no pair bond.
  3. polygamy: the acquisition by an individual of two or more mates. It can involve one male and several females or one female and several males. A pair bond exists between the individual and each mate. The individual having multiple mates is generally not involved in the caring for the young.
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9
Q

Mating systems:

- for many species males and females are sexually what?

A
  • dimorphic : differ in body size, ornamentation and colour…sexual selection proposed to explain this
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10
Q

What are the two sexual selections?

A
  1. Intrasexual selection

2. Intersexual selection

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11
Q

Sexual Selection:

1. Intrasexual selection?

A
  • male-male (or female-female) competition for opportunity to mate
  • *leads to exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics (large size, aggressiveness, large antlers)
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12
Q

Sexual Selection:

2. Intersexual selection ?

A
  • differential attractiveness of one sex to the other.
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13
Q

Mate choice based on resources?

A
  • females may alternately select mate based on resources such as habitat or food that will improve fitness of female
    ex: defended high quality habitat or territory
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14
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- Suites of life history characteristics are associated with?

A

one another

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15
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- MacArthur, Wilson, and Pianka proposed what?

A

r- and k- selection

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16
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- Explain r- and k- selection

A
  • predicts species in different environments differ in life history traits
17
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- R-strategists?

A
  • unpredictable environments, resources rarely limiting
18
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- K-strategists?

A
  • specialize in a particular environment. Resource-limited
19
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- characteristics of r-strategists?

A
  • typically short lived
  • high reproductive rates at low population densities
  • rapid development
  • small body size
  • large number of offspring (with low survival)
  • minimal parental care
  • make use of temporary habitats
  • exploit noncompetitive situations
20
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- characteristics of k-strategists ?

A
  • long lived individuals
  • slower growth rate at low populations
  • maintain growth rate at high densities
  • can cope with physical and biotic pressures
  • delayed and repeated reproduction
  • larger body size
  • slower development
  • produce few seeds, eggs or young
  • parents care for young
  • seeds possess stored food that fives seedlings a strong start.
  • mortality relates more to density than to unpredictable environmental conditions
  • specialists of a particular environment
21
Q
  1. 11 Life History Characteristics:

- do species only exhibit either k or r strategies?

A

-species can exhibit traits of both types during different parts of their life or in different circumstances

22
Q

Plant History Classification:

- R ruderal species?

A
  • rapidly colonize disturbed sites, high reproduction
23
Q

Plant History Classification:

- C species?

A
  • allocate resources to growth, competitive ability
24
Q
  • S species?
A
  • stress tolerant; allocate resources to maintenance
25
Q

Types of life history classifications for plants?

A
  1. R ruderal species
  2. C species
  3. S species

Ecology (24 decks)

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