Chapter 11: Intraspecific Population Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Exponential population growth is based on assumptions that ?

A
  • essential resources are not limiting and that the environment is constant
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2
Q

Is exponential growth likely to occur in the real world?

A
  • no

- potential exception: human population

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3
Q

Human Population Growth:

- In 2012 population reached?

A
  • 7 billion
  • growing faster than exponential
  • not evenly spread out, might be causing some of the issues (resources )
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4
Q

Human Population Growth:

- changes to technology and resources used did what for the population?

A
  • dev of agriculture increased quantity and predictability of resources. Change to permanent villages. (not farming yourself)
  • Industrial revolution: animal and human labour replaced by machines fuelled by coal. Change to urban society.
  • Demographic transition: reduced mortality due to better nutrition, personal hygiene, waste disposal and control of disease
  • **all allowed for our pop to take off
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5
Q

Human Population Growth:

- why have growth rates declined?

A
  • mostly bc having children is costly

- but momentum from large number of young people in developing countries

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6
Q

Human Population Growth:

- why is it difficult to predict human population growth?

A
  • diseases, resources (not evenly spread out), conflicts (war) etc
  • hard to predict where (the change) is going to happen, bc resources are going to change quickly
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7
Q
  1. 1 Population growth is usually limited by the environment:
    - In nature, environment is?
A
  • not constant and resources are limited
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8
Q
  1. 1 Population growth is usually limited by the environment:
    - mortality, fecundity, competition etc will change as what changes?
A

density

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9
Q
  1. 1 Population growth is usually limited by the environment:
    - usually____ rate declines and ___ increases as density increases.
A
  • birth
  • mortality
  • *enivornment controls how many individuals will be in it
  • changes as pop gets more crowded
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10
Q

Reindeer herd on Pribilof Islands, Alaska?

A
  • increasing then boom it crashes (fighting, disease etc) (1940ish)
  • we don’t want this to happen to our moose so we regulate it
  • not a typical graph..most species do not drop dead like this
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11
Q

Carrying capacity?

A
  • max sustainable pop size for particular environmental conditions
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12
Q

Carrying capacity depend on what?

A
  • supply of resources: food, water, space
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13
Q

Carrying capacity is a theoretical idea that is easy/hard to determine for a natural population.

A
  • hard
  • but useful concept to include n models of population growth
  • *CC can change due to conditions changing with it
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14
Q

Logistic model of growth incorporates?

A
  • incorporates carrying capacity, K

dN/dt = rN (1-N/K)

  • Two components: rN which is the original exponential term and
  • 1-N/k, also can be written as (K-N)/k, which reduces population growth as the population size approaches k
  • d= change
  • rate size ( slow down component/density component )
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15
Q

Logistic model of growth:

- As N approaches K, rate of growth?

A
  • decreases
    ex: K= 100
    If N= 10
    (1-N/k)= 0.90
    but if N=99, (1-N/K)=0.01 and there will be virtually no growth
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16
Q

Logistic model of growth

- logistic growth curve showing carrying capacity?

A
  • almost like an S

- K is where it levels off…

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17
Q

Logistic vs Exponential Growth when looking at graphs?

A
  • logistic increases but levels off eventually

- exponential doesn’t stop in terms go growth

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18
Q
  1. 2 Population regulation:

- population can/can’t grow forever?

A

can’t
*limits to its resources
L> food, water, land, space,mate, habitats

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19
Q
  1. 2 Population regulation:

- Interactions occur among members of the population that tend to?

A

-regulate population size (push it towards an equilibrium)

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20
Q
  1. 2 Population regulation:

- density dependence?

A
  • response of the population depends on its density. Slows the rate of increase
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21
Q
  1. 2 Population regulation:

- why is k included in the logistic growth model?

A
  • to add density-dependence
  • *rates change depending on how dense it is
  • more individuals= more interactions (some good other bad), regulate the population size
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22
Q
  1. 2 Population regulation:

- In nature, density-dependent mechanisms influence?

A
  • birth and death rates
  • direct effects of resource availability or other factors (disease and parasites)
    *realistic graph shows birth rate declines as the population size increases and death rates increase as population increases
    at carrying capacity they are=? / intersect
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23
Q

Density vs Independent:

  • Not all factors affecting birth and death rates are density-dependent.
  • Density-independent ?
A
  • if the proportion of population affected by an environmental factor is not influenced by density
  • *weather, temperature, precipitation are all density independent (not a dependent factor like birth and death rate - not affected)
24
Q
  1. 3 Competition:

- A carrying capacity means competition occurs when resource(s) are?

A

in short supply

25
11. 3 Competition: | - Intraspecific competition?
-competition among individuals of the same species
26
11. 3 Competition: - Intraspecific competition: 1. Scramble competition?
- can result in reduction of growth and reproduction of all individuals (equally spread)
27
11. 3 Competition: - Intraspecific competition: 2. Contest competition?
- some individuals get enough resources while others denied a share (winners and losers)
28
11. 3 Competition: - Intraspecific competition: 3. exploitation competition?
- if competing individuals don't interact directly but change level of resource for others ex: tree roots(might spread out and absorb all the water - exploiting this resources ahead of someone else)
29
11. 3 Competition: - Intraspecific competition: 4. Interference competition?
- individuals directly interact and prevent others from occupying a habitat or accessing resources
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11. 4 Effects on Growth and Development : | - when density increases, individuals in scrabble competition get ___ food. This ___ growth and ___ reproduction.
- less - reduces - inhibits
31
11.4 Effects on Growth and Development: -Intraspecific competition: ex: tadpoles? L> high vs low density
- high density=slower growth, longer tadpole phase, lower change of transformation to frog, smaller size frog. * * at low density they grow much faster
32
11. 5 Competition can reduce survival: | - ex: horseweed?
- horseweed planted at high density - competition resulted in mortality of many seedlings - average size of surviving seedlings increased - self thinning * ** at high density they are small, as density is reduced they grow faster/ more weight. Competition can change growth rate, reproduction rates and survival,
33
11. 6 Competition can affect reproduction: | - Harp seals?
- in harp seals, onset of sexual maturity is related to body weight - occurs earlier when the population size is lower * *if they don't grow fast enough it delays the mount of babies they can have. * *results in density-dependent fertility of harp seals : number they can produce will drop (population problem - producing fewer as they get more dense) --> population regulation
34
11. 7 High density is stressful: - ___ contacts increase - Stress may trigger? - Pheromones?
- aggressive - stress may trigger hormonal changes that suppress growth and reproduction as well as the immune system - pheromones( chemical signals): can encourage or discourage reproduction in rodents. * *so dense that they re giving off hormonal singles , increasing aggression
35
11. 8 Dispersal can be density-dependent: | - some animals instead of coping with stress will?
leave
36
11. 8 Dispersal can be density-dependent: | - usually ___ driven out by ___ aggression.
- sub-adults - adult * most die but some find a new suitable area * usually doesn't regulate population size * does contribute to population expansion and persistence of local populations
37
11. 8 Dispersal can be density-dependent: | - dispersal?
- how far you spread offspring (or individuals relocating)
38
11. 9 Effects of Social Behaviour: | - Intraspecific competition can be expressed in?
- social behaviour
39
11. 9 Effects of Social Behaviour: | - Mechanism to limit number of animals ???
- living in a particular habitat, having access to a common food supply, reproducing
40
11. 9 Effects of Social Behaviour: | - what can play a role in population regulation if it affects reproduction and survival in a density dependent way?
- social dominance
41
11. 9 Effects of Social Behaviour: | - example: Wolf packs and social dominance
- strict social hierarchy with only one breeding pair in the pack ( the alpha male and female) - if food is limited, individuals may be expelled (priority of food goes to the alpha pair) - when density of wolves is low, wolves leave pack and establish their own packs in unoccupied habitats
42
11. 10 Territoriality: | - some species defend areas within?
their home range (territories
43
11. 10 Territoriality: | - Benefits of what must outweigh costs of what?
- benefits of sole access to resources in territory must outweigh costs (energy, time) of having a territory.
44
11. 10 Territoriality: | - can this regulate populations?
- yes | - limits reproduction if excess of individuals of reproductive age.
45
11. 10 Territoriality: | - explain areas
- size of home ranges and territories indicator of carrying capacity * *little factors that come into play for regulating populations apart form birth and death rates
46
11. 10 Territoriality: | - example?
- when individuals are removed, new pairs take up territories right away
47
11. 11 Plants can capture Space: | - Plants are not ?
- territorial but do capture space and exclude others from it
48
11. 11 Plants can capture Space: | - zones of resource depletion associated with?
- canopy and root systems
49
11. 11 Plants can capture Space: | - This competition can even occur through?
the release of organic toxins
50
11. 12 Density-Independent Influences: | - Many factors can influence the abundance of individuals in a population. Some not density dependent and so can't?
- regulate a population (which involves feedback) exL temperature, precipitation , natural disasters **may still limit pop growth
51
11. 12 Density-Independent Influences: | - ex: heavy snow fall and deer prediction?
- heavy snow you can predict fewer deer born next year....population is going to decline
52
Development of ideas about density dependence vs independence: - Historically, two opposing view points in ecology about population regulation (centred on insects) - Two schools are?
1. Biotic school of regulation | 2. Climate school of regulation
53
Development of ideas about density dependence vs independence: - Historically, two opposing view points in ecology about population regulation (centred on insects) 1. Biotic school of regulation??
- felt that population size was relatively stable and insect populations were controlled by parasites, predators or competition ...biology drives it
54
Development of ideas about density dependence vs independence: - Historically, two opposing view points in ecology about population regulation (centred on insects) 2. Climate school ?
- viewed populations as unstable and felt that weather determined abundance e.g. environmental/ physical environment drives it/more important * if variable climate then you may argue physical environment has a bigger effect * competition , high number of species = biology
55
Development of ideas about density dependence vs independence: - controversy for many years - Two perspective eventually integrated - Now believed that ___ are in usually favourable to species, changes in abidance primarily result of density dependent process.
- favourable
56
Development of ideas about density dependence vs independence: - controversy for many years - Two perspective eventually integrated L> In unfavourable environments?
- changes in abundance are primarily the result of density independent processes.