Chapter 7-9 test cards Flashcards
What are the three steps of argumentation?
Data, Warrant, Claim (Reservation)
Data
Evidence
Warrant
Reasoning- logical explanations that tie evidence to the argument
Claim
Conclusion- Need to change status quo
Reservation
Rebuttal-arguments against the data, warrant, and claim
Who designed the data, warrant, claim structure of argumentation and in what book?
Stephen Toulmin, The Uses of Argument
What are the three types of propositions? The fourth?
Fact, Value, Policy
Problem
Name the tests of evidence.
Tests of relevance, of Sufficiency, of Recency, of Consistency, of Accessibility, and of Studies
Tests of Relevance
Data must relate to the claim or else it is not relevant.
tests of sufficiency
There must be enough evidence to support a claim. Evidence must be from multiple sources.
Tests of recency
Evidence must be current.
Tests of Consistency
Conclusions drawn by evidence must be consistent with other known facts. Also both team members should have consistent evidence.
Tests of Accessibility
Evidence must be available for proof. Secret or lost evidence is not good.
Tests for Studies
Must have well conducted studies. If method of reaching conclusions was flawed conclusions may also be flawed.
Inductive Reasoning
General conclusion based on several specific instances
What are three tests of inductive reasoning?
Were there enough examples presented?
Are examples typical?
Does the conclusion allow for exceptions?
Deductive reasoning
Takes generally accepted claims and applies them to specific situations and proves that what is generally true applies to a specific instance.
Syllogism
Major and Minor premise, Conclusion
What are three tests for deductive reasoning?
The major premise is true
The minor premise is true
The major and minor premises relate to each other
Sign
A way of reaching a logical conclusion based on physical evidence
What is the test for sign reasoning?
Make sure the conclusion is actually based on the sign
Analogies
Comparisons, can be literal or figurative
What is a test for analogies?
Make sure the things being compared are similar enough to make a valid conclusion
Cause Effect reasoning
One thing causes another
What are 2 tests for cause-effect reasoning?
Make sure one thing is actually linked to another, and that something else is not the actual cause of the effect.
Fallacy
A false or mistaken idea that is based on faulty reasoning
Appeals to popular Opinion
Bandwagon, something should be supported because everyone is supporting it.
Appeals to Tradition
We have always done it this way, so it should stay. (Negative team fallacy)
Hasty Generalization
Jumping to conclusions
Ad Hominem
“Against the Man” Argument is not worthy because of the source of the idea
Slippery Slope
Taking one measure will result in other undesirable measures, so first measure should be rejected
Equivocation
Results from the fact that different people may use a word in different ways. Two pieces of evidence may use the same word but mean something different
Arguing from Ignorance
If something hasn’t been disproved, it is true
Appeal to Authority
Saying that just because a piece of evidence says something, it’s true
Flowing
System of taking notes during a debate
Flow sheet
Paper on which notes are taken
What is the organization method of a flow sheet?
1AC, 1NC, 2AC, 1NR, 1AR, 2NR, 2AR
Why is the 2nd negative constructive left out of a flow sheet?
It is assumed the second negative will devote time to plan attacks only
What are the four categories of judges?
Parents/Community (lay judges), former debaters/experienced judges, High school or college debate coaches, and college debaters
What does eye contact with the judge do for a debater?
Can read nonverbal cues of the judge and see what causes confusion.
