Chapter 7-9 test cards

Question 1

What are the three steps of argumentation?

Answer 1

Data, Warrant, Claim (Reservation)

Question 2

Data

Answer 2

Evidence

Question 3

Warrant

Answer 3

Reasoning- logical explanations that tie evidence to the argument

Question 4

Claim

Answer 4

Conclusion- Need to change status quo

Question 5

Reservation

Answer 5

Rebuttal-arguments against the data, warrant, and claim

Question 6

Who designed the data, warrant, claim structure of argumentation and in what book?

Answer 6

Stephen Toulmin, The Uses of Argument

Question 7

What are the three types of propositions? The fourth?

Answer 7

Fact, Value, Policy

Problem

Question 8

Name the tests of evidence.

Answer 8

Tests of relevance, of Sufficiency, of Recency, of Consistency, of Accessibility, and of Studies

Question 9

Tests of Relevance

Answer 9

Data must relate to the claim or else it is not relevant.

Question 10

tests of sufficiency

Answer 10

There must be enough evidence to support a claim. Evidence must be from multiple sources.

Question 11

Tests of recency

Answer 11

Evidence must be current.

Question 12

Tests of Consistency

Answer 12

Conclusions drawn by evidence must be consistent with other known facts. Also both team members should have consistent evidence.

Question 13

Tests of Accessibility

Answer 13

Evidence must be available for proof. Secret or lost evidence is not good.

Question 14

Tests for Studies

Answer 14

Must have well conducted studies. If method of reaching conclusions was flawed conclusions may also be flawed.

Question 15

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 15

General conclusion based on several specific instances

Question 16

What are three tests of inductive reasoning?

Answer 16

Were there enough examples presented?
Are examples typical?
Does the conclusion allow for exceptions?

Question 17

Deductive reasoning

Answer 17

Takes generally accepted claims and applies them to specific situations and proves that what is generally true applies to a specific instance.

Question 18

Syllogism

Answer 18

Major and Minor premise, Conclusion

Question 19

What are three tests for deductive reasoning?

Answer 19

The major premise is true
The minor premise is true
The major and minor premises relate to each other

Question 20

Sign

Answer 20

A way of reaching a logical conclusion based on physical evidence

Question 21

What is the test for sign reasoning?

Answer 21

Make sure the conclusion is actually based on the sign

Question 22

Analogies

Answer 22

Comparisons, can be literal or figurative

Question 23

What is a test for analogies?

Answer 23

Make sure the things being compared are similar enough to make a valid conclusion

Question 24

Cause Effect reasoning

Answer 24

One thing causes another

Question 25

What are 2 tests for cause-effect reasoning?

Answer 25

Make sure one thing is actually linked to another, and that something else is not the actual cause of the effect.

Question 26

Fallacy

Answer 26

A false or mistaken idea that is based on faulty reasoning

Question 27

Appeals to popular Opinion

Answer 27

Bandwagon, something should be supported because everyone is supporting it.

Question 28

Appeals to Tradition

Answer 28

We have always done it this way, so it should stay. (Negative team fallacy)

Question 29

Hasty Generalization

Answer 29

Jumping to conclusions

Question 30

Ad Hominem

Answer 30

“Against the Man” Argument is not worthy because of the source of the idea

Question 31

Slippery Slope

Answer 31

Taking one measure will result in other undesirable measures, so first measure should be rejected

Question 32

Equivocation

Answer 32

Results from the fact that different people may use a word in different ways. Two pieces of evidence may use the same word but mean something different

Question 33

Arguing from Ignorance

Answer 33

If something hasn’t been disproved, it is true

Question 34

Appeal to Authority

Answer 34

Saying that just because a piece of evidence says something, it’s true

Question 35

Flowing

Answer 35

System of taking notes during a debate

Question 36

Flow sheet

Answer 36

Paper on which notes are taken

Question 37

What is the organization method of a flow sheet?

Answer 37

1AC, 1NC, 2AC, 1NR, 1AR, 2NR, 2AR

Question 38

Why is the 2nd negative constructive left out of a flow sheet?

Answer 38

It is assumed the second negative will devote time to plan attacks only

Question 39

What are the four categories of judges?

Answer 39

Parents/Community (lay judges), former debaters/experienced judges, High school or college debate coaches, and college debaters

Question 40

What does eye contact with the judge do for a debater?

Answer 40

Can read nonverbal cues of the judge and see what causes confusion.