Chapter 7-9

Question 1

What are some distinguishing features of synovial joints?

Answer 1

• Articular Cartilage
• Synovial Cavity
• Articular (joint) Capsule
• Synovial Fluid
• Reinforcing ligaments
• Nerves and Blood Vessels
• Fibrous capsule

Question 2

Define Fibrous joints and give an example

Answer 2

Immovable joint, no cavity, compact

Example:

Sutures of the Skull

Question 3

Define Cartilaginous joints

Answer 3

Bones united by cartilage, No joint cavity, Not highly movable

Examples:

• Symphysis pubis
• Sacroiliac joints

Question 4

Define Synovial joints

Answer 4

Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, All are diarthrotic

Include ~ all limb joints; most joints of body

Example: Knee Joint

Question 5

Inflammatory or degenerative conditions of joints (describe at least two)

Answer 5

Lymes Disease

• Caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites and may lead to joint pain and arthritis

Osteoarthritis

• More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints

Question 6

What happens when someone receives a lateral blow to an extended knee?

Answer 6

• Tibial collateral ligament is torn,
• Medial meniscus is torn
• Anterior cruciate ligament is torn.

Question 7

What are the functions of calcium in the skeletal muscle contractions?

Answer 7

• assist the release of ACh
• to control the position of the regulatory proteins troponin tropomyosin on actin.

Question 8

Define Slow oxidative fibers

Answer 8

• They are red, small in diameter, and have many mitochondria and capillaries.
• Found in athletes that run marathons and who maintain great posture.

Question 9

Define fast oxidative fibers

Answer 9

• They are red to pink, intermediate in diameter, and have many mitochondria and capillaries.
• Found in athletes who sprint and walk.

Question 10

Fast glycolytic fibers

Answer 10

• They are white (pale), large in diameter, and have few mitochondria and capillaries.
• Found in baseball players and athletes that do short-term intense or powerful movements.

Question 11

Describe Aerobic endurance

Answer 11

• Length of time muscle contracts using aerobic pathways
  
  • During the first 30- 40 seconds of short-duration exercises until the end of the exercise.

Question 12

Describe Anaerobic Threshold

Answer 12

• Point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic
  
  • During hours of prolonged-duration exercises.