Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
Ionic bonds
Atom gains or loses electrons and becomes charged
One becomes an anion (negative charge)
Atom that gained one or more electrons
One becomes a cation (positive charge)
Atom that lost one or more electrons
opposite charges come together form an ionic bond
Covalent bonds
Electrons shared equally
Hydrogen bonds
Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
Not true bond
Isotonic solutions
same
solute/water concentration as inside
cells; water moves in and out
Hypotonic solutions
cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst
Hypertonic
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink
What happens to a cell if placed in an Isotonic solutions
nothing
What happens to a cell if placed in an hypotonic solutions
swell
What happens to a cell if placed in an hypertonic solutions
shrink
Chemical reaction rates are affected by
↑ Temperature → ↑ Rate
↑ Concentration of reactant → ↑ Rate
↓ Particle size → ↑ Rate
Catalysts: ↑ Rate without being chemically changed or part of product
How does the sodium potassium pump works
Na+-K+ pump works as antiporter
Pumps against Na+ and K+ gradients to maintain high intracellular K+ concentration and high extracellular Na+ concentration
Why is the sodium potassium pump important
Maintains electrochemical gradients essential for functions of muscle and nerve tissues
Allows all cells to maintain fluid volume
Prophase
Nuclear envelope fragments
Kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetochore of centromeres and draw them toward equator of cell
Polar microtubules assist in forcing poles apart
Metaphase
Centromeres of chromosomes aligned at equator
Plane midway between poles called metaphase plate
Anaphase
Shortest phase
Centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously—each chromatid becomes a chromosome
Chromosomes (V shaped) pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores
Polar microtubules continue forcing poles apart
